Power point presentation Essay

A slide show is an es of still pictures on a projection screen or electronic showcase gadget, commonly in a prearranged arrangement. Each picture is typically shown for at any rate a couple of moments, and now and again for a few minutes, before it is supplanted by the following picture. The progressions might be programmed and at customary spans or they might be physically constrained by a moderator or the watcher. Slide shows initially comprised of a progression of individual photographic slides anticipated onto a screen with a slide projector. When alluding to the video or PC based visual proportional, in which the slides are not individual physical items, the term is frequently composed as single word, slideshow. A slide show might be an introduction of pictures only for their own visual intrigue or aesthetic worth, once in a while unaccompanied by portrayal or content, or it might be utilized to explain or strengthen data, thoughts, remarks, arrangements or recommendations which are introduced verbally. Slide shows are now and again still led by a moderator utilizing a mechanical assembly, for example, a merry go round slide projector or an overhead projector, yet now the utilization of an electronic video show gadget and a PC running introduction programming is regular. Movement Animation is the way toward making a nonstop movement and shape change figment by methods for the quick presentation of a grouping of static pictures that negligibly vary from one another. The illusionâ€as in movies in generalâ€is thought to depend on the phi wonder. Activitys can be recorded on either simple media, for example, a flip book, movie film, video tape, or on computerized media, including configurations, for example, vivified GIF ,Flash movement or advanced video. To show it, an advanced camera, PC, or projector are utilized. Introduction Presentation is the practice of execution and the clarification of the substance of a topic to watchers or understudies. In the business world, we have deals introduction, instructive and persuasive introduction, first experiences, interviews, briefings, status report, picture building and instructional courses. introduction of a seri

Stepmom: About Death and Dying

Film Review: Stepmom By: For: November sixteenth, 2010 REL201 The film step mother flawlessly depicts the impacts demise and biting the dust can have on a family. Indeed, even one like the Harrison's, the place the guardians are separated, and another ladies has come into Luke's live. Their will consistently be various methods of adapting to death and that is appeared through all the characters, be it solid willed like Luke and Jackie, adversely and significantly like the little girl Anna, or decidedly and unconscious like the child Ben. All these various methods of adapting make this film a perfect one to see the various ways one can cope.Throughout the film Stepmom passing is appeared as both a negative and positive influencing event. At the point when the primary character Jackie Harrison is first informed that her analyzed malignancy has turned out to be a lot of more awful, she is resentful and loathe filled. She dislikes the way that her as of late separated from spouse is curr ently getting hitched to a more youthful lady, she is likewise irate that her union with Luke didn't work out, and is additionally disheartened at the way that she will never live to see her kids grow up. The positive parts of death in this film is that Jackie before long understands that she needs to grasp her inescapable death.This permits her to live her residual months in harmony with her kids and even become content with Luke and Jena Malone getting hitched. In the situation on Jackie Harrison, demise isn't introduced as a characteristic piece of the existence cycle. Malignancy, is a cutting edge issue with no advanced fix starting at yet. It jeopardizes and closes numerous youthful lives all through the world. Jackie was at that point determined to have malignancy a year prior, be that as it may, when she went for a re-assessment it was discovered that the disease had re-showed up and had heightened in her body. This shows harmful cells can start to frame at whenever in one's body and isn't an atural part of the existence cycle. On account of Jackie there are different sides. From the start when re-analyzed she is extremely frightful. Not for herself, yet rather for her youngsters. Jackie is anxious about the possibility that that she won't have the option to see her kids once more, and have the option to watch them grow up and lead satisfying lives. She is conveyed all the more awful news at a supper by her ex. Luke reveals to Jackie that he is to wed Jena Malone. Jackie is maddened again and can not uncovered to reveal to Luke that she is in actuality biting the dust of malignant growth and won't be around to bring up their kids. Another scene portraying outrage is after Ben tumbles off the play structure and eeds stitches.At the emergency clinic she attempts to see her child, however Jena is as of now there ameliorating him. He requests that Jena sing her a tune on the grounds that â€Å"Mommy consistently does† (Stepmom). As Jackie looks on fr om outside the room Jena sings for Ben and she is enraged by this and returns home and has a fit in her home. Jena reveals Jackie's mystery through a discussion they have at her home. She reveals to Jena that she is taint going to L. A. to see an oncologist for treatment. Jena is disheartened to hear that the ex is passing on of malignant growth and asks â€Å"are you kicking the bucket? â€Å", to which Jackie answers â€Å"Not today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Stepmom). This thus influences Luke who is the following o discover and subsequently feels regretful. He feels just as it ought to have been him and not Jackie. They choose to educate the youngsters regarding the malignancy together and this scene gives the most emotional impact of the film. Ben trifles with the news very and is fascinated regarding what his mother is suffering, there is an uncertainty concerning the amount Ben thinks about the circumstance. He believes it's less genuine then it really is. The little girl Anna, is qui ckly incensed by the news and tempests off. As she heads upstairs Luke hollers â€Å"You don't abandon your mother†, and she answers â€Å"No that is your job† (Stepmom).This scene is significant in light of the fact that it shows how the family as a sum manages passing. The message of the film Stepmom is too completely value one's life without limit while you can, and to really live like you we're passing on. It likewise has numerous family esteems appended to the demise procedure. Jackie who has consistently made the most of her kids presently observe's the motivations to why she is really getting a charge out of them. In the wake of hearing that her malignant growth has deteriorated she chooses to remain at home and require some serious energy with to be with her family. Luke even turns out to be increasingly associated with her as her condition exacerbates, something he never did when they we're together and she was healthy.A sort of amusing disaster. It likewise d epicts that Jackie will always be unable to be supplanted as the youngsters' mom however Jena can accomplish more by being there for them while they live on without Jackie. In one of the keeps going scenes Jena and Jackie offer some kind of reparation and understand that the children won't need to pick and that they could adore them both. â€Å"I have their past, and you can have their future† (Stepmom) is the thing that Jackie says in solace to Jena. The white pigeon that Ben consistently gets some information about has double importance all through the film. Ben accepts each performer needs a white bird, yet the pigeon in certainty represents opportunity and life.The imagery of the bird likewise has overwhelming significance towards Jackie. It would speak to her long after she is gone and would be the compatriot of the youthful Ben. In the last scene at Christmas time, Jackie is now sick. At the point when Ben comes upstairs to Jackie's space to get his present from her she is distant from everyone else in a seat. She grins and gives Ben an entertainer's cape to keep living his youth fantasy about turning out to be one sometime in the future. She at that point goes down the stairs after Anna comes to get her, and helps Luke, Jena and Ben play out an enchantment stunt to reveal the white bird in the pen underneath the performer's cape.It is emblematic in light of the fact that this white pigeon will speak to Jackie and her proceeded with help of her child long after she is no more. Stepmom was an extraordinary film to watch as far as seeing how a family can adapt to death and passing on. It shows the differentiations of family esteems, methods of adapting to death and furthermore the emotionally supportive network a family can have all through occasions of emergency. Despite the fact that Jackie and Luke were not, at this point together they figured out how to make things work when the kids and Jackie required it the most. It is moving to see such love and sympathy in a troublesome circumstance, in any event, when at the eginning of the film there was only disdain towards one another, a typical bond, united them and closer then ever, regardless of whether it was a negative one. Disease keeps on being a genuine danger for the present current society and we should proceed with the battle against to some time or another have a malignancy free earth.Bibliography: I) Stepmom, DVD, Directed by Chris Columbus, (1998) Columbia Pictures, Hollywood. California II) http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569562/pdf/jnma00195-0137. pdf Heather M. Butts,JD,MPH III) http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Stepmom_(film) IV) http://www. mediacircus. net/stepmom. html

238 Free Online Science, Math and Pre-Medical Courses

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The Lamb and The Tyger Essay - 955 Words

The Lamb and The Tyger In the poems The Lamb and The Tyger, William Blake uses symbolism, tone, and rhyme to advance the theme that God can create good and bad creatures. The poem The Lamb was in Blakes Songs of Innocence, which was published in 1789. The Tyger, in his Songs of Experience, was published in 1794. In these contrasting poems he shows symbols of what he calls the two contrary states of the human soul (Shilstone 1). In The Lamb, Blake uses the symbol of the lamb to paint a picture of innocence. The lamb is a symbol of Jesus Christ. The lamb is also a symbol of life. It provides humans with food, clothing, and other things humans need to survive. The line For he calls himself a Lamb is a line†¦show more content†¦According to Blake this creature has a special inner source of energy which distinguishes its existence from the cold and dark world of inanimate things (Blake 3). There is also an essence of the devil in the tiger. William Blake points this out by using words like fu rnace and just by him picking a tiger. There are many other violent predators out in the jungle but he chose the tiger because of its bright orange and black. When it runs it looks like a fireball. In line twenty of The Tyger, William Blake says, Did He who make the lamb make thee? (Blake 539). What he is wondering is if he made such an innocent creature like the lamb how could he make a beast like the tiger? Persona is an important concept in these poems. The Lamb could be read as a nursery rhyme to little children. The persona of this poem is one of a little child talking to a lamb. The persona of The Lamb is shown in line seventeen, I a child, and thou a lamb. The persona helps Blake to show that God made such a harmless creature like the lamb and such a pure child. The reader knows that God made both these creatures because the line Little Lamb, who made thee?(Blake 538) is repeated throughout the poem. The child is a symbol of purity so that is why Blake chose to use a child as the persona rather than a grown up. The child is describing to the lamb who made him: We know this because in the secondShow MoreRelatedThe Lamb and the Tyger Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tyger and The Lamb by William Blake, written in 1794 included both of these poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Song of Experience, takes readers on a journey of faith. Through a cycle of unanswered questions, William Blake motivates the readers to question God. These two poems are meant to be interpreted in a comparison and contrast. They share two different perspectives, those being innocence and experience. To Blake, innocence is not better than experience. Both states haveRead MoreThe Lamb And The Tyger Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesDerrick Warren English 102 Professor. Scott McWaters Research paper (Title later) 11/19/15 (Rough Draft) Research Paper (The Lamb and The Tyger; Creativity) When reading the poem, The Lamb and The Tyger written by William Blake, it was extremely confusing as the reader has no idea what Blake is talking about without doing further research. As the reader begins to research more about the author and the poem itself, the reader will come to find out that the poem was a part of one of William Blake’sRead MoreThe Lamb And The Tyger By William Blake1330 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous poems from Songs of Innocence and Experience are â€Å"The Lamb and The Tyger†. These poems use animals to attest to God’s role as the Creator, yet they possess contrasting tones and language of the speaker and present conflicting views of God’s power and ability. â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger† called me to ask questions of myself, my beliefs, and how my beliefs shape my worldview. In the first stanza of â€Å"The Lamb†, the speaker asks a lamb who was its creator. The speaker proceeds in the second stanzaRead MoreComparison between the Tyger and the Lamb518 Words   |  2 PagesComparison between the Tyger and the Lamb The Tyger and the Lamb were printed five years apart within two separate collections of poems. The Lamb was within Songs of Innocence (1789), and the Tyger was within Songs of Experience (1794). The two collections came together to be Songs of Innocence and of Experience Showing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul. This should be viewed as significant because the revised name itself shows the two poems contradictions. The two poems display contrastingRead MoreThe Lamb And The Tyger By William Blake996 Words   |  4 Pagesearth, visible and invisible† (Colossians 1:16). William Blake wrote poems about this very subject. In his twin poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger†, Blake uses different literary techniques such as sound, imagery and symbolism to echo the common theme of creation along with how it is viewed differently. William Blake’s use of sound in his poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger†, enhance the central idea of creation and the question of how one God can create such different creatures. Both poems are similarRead MoreThe Tyger, The Lamb and Lord of the Rings1031 Words   |  4 PagesTo understand â€Å"The Lamb† you must understand â€Å"The Tiger†, and vice versa. These two poems are unbelievably complicated when trying to search for a real deeper meaning. There is an immense amount of symbolism used throughout both poems, and many different things can be taken away about the author’s thoughts religion, nature, and the battle between good and evil in one’s mind. In the novel, The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R Tolkien, there is seemingly a lot left up in the air about religion and the symbolismRead MoreThe Tyger And The Lamb By William Blake991 Words   |  4 Pages object, and event that has ever existed may have had bad effects in one situation, but good effects for another situation. And every human, by extension, has aspects about them that can be viewed as both good and evil. In his poems, â€Å"The Tyger† and, â€Å"The Lamb†, author William Blake explores the ideas of duality, and how each thing must have an equal opposite. He uses both these poems to further ruminate on this dichotomy and brings up many questions in the context of religion. He seeks to pointRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Lamb And The Tyger1493 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† respectively taken from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, demonstrate Blake’s meditation on how innocence and experience in life create a binary and complementary relationship that is observable in our outer world as well as in our inner being. As one of the titles in his Songs of Innocence, William Blake chooses the lamb, naturally gentle and docile, as a representative of the concept of innocence. In Blake’s poem, a child shepherd addresses the lamb, identifyingRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Tyger And The Lamb 940 Words   |  4 Pagessoul. Undoubtedly, William Blake was indeed one of those monumental writers who paved the way for new thinking. A thinking of the human soul and two intricate parts that join to fulfill a soul. Both pairs of the soul are illustrated in both The Tyger and The Lamb. Both poems being commonly referred to as staples of poetry, can allude to different ideas. Man believe they deal with the questions such as, ‘who is the creator?’ and ‘why did he create us?’ Rather I believe that while yes those are key thoughtsRead MoreThe Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay863 Words   |  4 Pagesthoughts within their poetry. For example in The Lamb and The Tyger by Willia m Blake his idea that there are two different types of people in this world yet we need both for balance. His next poem The Chimney Sweeper has many hidden meaning within his poem about his views on society. Then he goes on in his poem titled Infant Sorrow to reveal his thoughts on non-conformists. William Blake makes a different criticism of society in his four poems The Lamb, The Tyger, The Chimney Sweeper and Infant Sorrow.

Standardized Testing Damages Education Essay - 694 Words

Intro The purpose of standardized testing is to help guide the teachers teach students the basics of what they need to know in order to move ahead in school. These tests are standard for core classes in any grade but differ from state to state. For Virginia it’s SOLs (standards of learning) in Arizona it’s AIMS (Arizona’s instrument to measure standards), although the name differs the purpose it the same in all states. These tests are to measure how much the students have learned throughout the year. To help improve the results from these tests, the no child left behind act was created in 2001. The bill does this by making the states and schools more accountable for the student’s progression. It improves the academic achievements for†¦show more content†¦Dropout rates increase due to testing In studies, dropout rates are related with failing standardized tests â€Å"high-stake testing does indeed increase dropout rates† Shriberg, Fall 2006, Disse nt Vol.53, No.4. These high-stake tests have been affecting dropout rates since 1986 and earlier. â€Å"States dropout rates in 1986 were highly correlated with minimum competency testing† Shirberg, Fall 2006, Dissent Vol.53, No.4. These high-stake testing dropout rates include mostly high school students â€Å"results show that in schools with proportionately more students of low socioeconomic status that used high stake minimum competency exams, early dropout rates- between the eighth and tenth grades- were 4 to 6 percentage points higher than in schools that were similar but for the high stake test requirements† Shriberg, Fall 2006, Dissent Vol.53, No.4. Standardized testing AKA â€Å"high-stake testing† does not encourage students, mostly in high schools to â€Å"stay on course and head towards the end†. Standardized testing does not benefit passing students. Exit exams which consist of standardized tests is a lose, lose situation even when some students pass them â€Å"exit exams hurt students who fail them without benefiting students who pass them†. Robert and Grodsky, May 2009, Phi Delta Kappan Vol.90. Many qualified students that deserve a diploma are denied of the opportunity to get oneâ€Å"indirect costs of denying diplomas to thousands of otherwiseShow MoreRelated Problems With Standardized Testing Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesIn Standardized Testing and Its Victims, an article written for Education Week, Alfie Kohn states: Standardized testing has swelled and mutated, like a creature in one of those old horror movies, to the point that it now threatens to swallow our schools whole.... Our children are tested to an extent that is unprecedented in our history and unparalleled anywhere else in the world. While previous generations of American students have had to sit through tests, never have the tests been given so frequentlyRead MoreStandardized Testing Essay examples1573 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Testing Every year thousands upon thousands of children, ages seven and upwards sit down to take their scheduled standardized tests. This generation has been classified as the most tested in history. Its progress through childhood and adolescence has been punctuated by targets, key stages, attainment levels, and qualifications (Stalin in School 8). Each year the government devises a new standard and then finds a way to test how each student measures up to this standard. TheyRead More Standardized Testing Essay example1558 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Testing Every year thousands upon thousands of children, ages seven and upwards sit down to take their scheduled standardized tests. This generation has been classified as the most tested in history. Its progress through childhood and adolescence has been punctuated by targets, key stages, attainment levels, and qualifications (Stalin in School 8). Each year the government devises a new standard and then finds a way to test how each student measures up to this standard. TheyRead MoreFederal Regulation Over National Curriculum And Testing Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe education system in the United States could definitely use some serious changes. As of now, what we are doing is not producing the results it should and it would seem that it is time for a change. But the last thing this change should be is a federal regulation over national curriculum and testing, if anything, that would increase the current problem. There are numerous issues with the current education system to be addres sed. One of the main focuses will be on its lack of concerns for students’Read MoreAmerican Schools: Should Be More Equitable for Students of Lower Classes and Minority Races1364 Words   |  6 Pagesethnicity, and gender issues. Although the gender differences in classrooms do have some affects on the quality of American education, they are not the main reasons why American schools are in danger. The most serious problems in American educational system are the barriers that students from both lower classes and minority races are facing. In K-12 schools, standardized testing seems to be the one issue that creates problems. In terms of enrolling into college, the financing is the most common reasonRead MoreThe Importance Of Standardized Testing In Education1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe standardized test has become the staple of the United States K12 education system. Students at all levels are routinely tested, and schools evaluated based on the scores. It’s easy to l ook at this as a necessary part of the system, a needed way of assessing both school and individual student performance to ensure quality across all schools. These tests are regarded as a tried-and true way of doing this, when in reality they are neither old nor accurate in assessment. I move in this essay thatRead MoreStandardized Testing: Does It Really Tell Academic Performance?638 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized testing is any test that remains the same and is given in the same manner to all test takers. Standardized testing began in China as a part of job applications. They became more frequently used in the early 1900’s to determine an individual’s intelligence. The army used these tests to determine if soldiers were officer material. In 2000, Finland had the highest PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) scores in the world. Finland uses very little standardized testing comparedRead MoreThe Nonconstructive Nature of Standardized Testing Essay74 0 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized testing? Those two words are being heard by students all over the world and is beginning to be a repetitive non constructive assessment. This nonconstructive assessment has become relied upon by the school board to somehow grade the students accurately on a subject that is taught in a small window of time. This is a window that is a two week period and doesnt give teachers nor students enough time to learn or teach it. This is detrimental to the student body by not allowing a themRead MoreAre Standardized Exams Sufficient as a Test of Knowledge?1186 Words   |  5 PagesEducation is an important concept of a human’s life. The system of education teaches us from a young age how to read, write, and be able to get through a lot of every-day activities. Without education, people would face obstacles in participating fully in society (Ackley). Education is something that once learned cannot be taken away. Since primary school children are tho ught different materials and activities to be able to advance to the next grade level. How a school goes about teaching theseRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Standardized Testing871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Negative Effects of Standardized Testing The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act is designed to close the achievement gap between high/low performing children and improve/strengthen accountability amongst schools (Department of Education). As a result, the Department of Education has implemented a sanctions and rewards system, stipulated in the No Child Left behind Act. If schools do not perform according to the act, funding will be withdrawn, teachers and administrators could get laid off

Information Technology Ethics for Open Internet- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInformation Technology Ethics for Open Internet. Answer: Introduction Information technology plays a crucial role in our life. Its different applications are used for business as well as for other personal web related activities. For last many years, IT has been growing enormously and providing various benefits to its users. Moreover, now advanced version of IT is Information Communication and Technology (ICT) and it is considered as effective solution for high quality communication and content sharing anywhere in the world. ICT has connected several devices through vast networks that work as effective modes of interaction among people. There is no doubt that with the help of ICT, business organizations are providing amazing telecommunication services to its users. But on flip side, some security and privacy related issues are also found by users of ICT. These issues are known as ICT-related ethical issues. For every user who is using online services and submitting its data online, security is the prior concern. Here a media article is selected about O pen Internet and this essay will emphasize on ICT ethical issue of security that is mentioned in this article. Further, the analysis about media article will be done on the behalf of classical ethical theories. Discussion According to media article, EU has done commitment in 2015 to adopt net neutrality rules. Then in 2016, these rules were applied in EU. These rules and regulations are considered big revolution in digital single market. Under these rules, open internet access is the right of every end-user and distribution of content of internet and services can also be done by them according to their choices. This EU law of open internet ensures that no blocking, throttling and discrimination will be done for applicants anywhere in EU. Moreover, users also have free access to favorite apps and services whether they have subscribed or not. There will be no prioritization among network traffic, everyone will be treated equally. The management and technical requirements will also be fulfilled at priority basis for everyone in EU. The implementation of these common rules of net neutrality shows that internet access providers will not pick losers and winners over internet (Digital Single Market, 2017). This step of open internet in EU is effective to provide open service to people without any partiality. But in case of open internet access chances of lack of security and privacy of information increase and can cause problem for users. So here sustainability of security and privacy of information is very much important. It means, here in this article security is an ICT ethical issue. The four classical ethical theories that are required to discuss in this essay are utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract. Analyze of Media Article on the behalf of Ethical Theories Utilitarianism The main focus of this classical theory is on right and wrong outcomes of an action. Besides this, utilitarianism also describes that an option is considered as best if that has potential to increase maximum utility. After analyzing this media article about open internet on behalf of this theory then it can be said that the action of EU government regarding net neutrality is right and it enhances the utility internet to large extent. Due to this action, it has become easier for people to communicate and share information among others from anywhere without any restriction. This action is also right because there is no need to worry about security of information because EU government also have laws and techniques for this. So the decision of net neutrality is correct (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017). Deontology This second classical theory favors morality of claims and duties and their correctness and wrongness. In other words, deontology emphasizes on the fact that which entity can make an action right. It does not focus on consequences of wrong action. In article of Open Internet, EU has also emphasized on that how the action of net neutrality can be made so effective for users rather concentrating on its other consequences. It does not mean that government has not considered security and privacy issues. EU has measured security appropriately and also provides solutions for that (Alexander Moore, 2017). Virtue According to this classical theory, ethics are concerned with representatives rather than actions and there consequences. Basically, the good traits of personality of an individual are considered rather than his or her bad personality traits. In case of this media article, the good traits of EU government and IT professionals can be considered because they are taking challenges to provide open services to people with security and privacy. They understand that security is important for everyone and it must be maintained. Contract Social contract theory of classical ethical issues describes that to live together in society morality is required. Morality consists of some rules and also believes in the concept that political and moral duties of persons are based on an agreement between them. In case of media article of net neutrality, people believes on security and privacy of open internet service and EU government also have trust on people that will not misuse this service. In this way, with a mutual agreement, this action has taken and it will provide successful outcomes. Therefore, from above analysis it is cleared that the action of net neutrality is right in all ways but there is only need to give focus on long term maintenance of security of this network. Otherwise, various issues of hacking and phishing can occur. Now in next segment of this essay, it is showed that how EU government will maintain security of open internet. Solution for ICT Ethical Issue of Security In this media article, some rules and regulations are decided by government of EU to get protection against security of information in case of open network. Those regulations consists of following points: It is important for National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) to monitor market developments. Its responsibility is to evaluate network traffic, its management, execution of commercial processes and appropriate implementation of regulation (Christian Research Institute, 2017). Other step to maintain security of open internet that will be taken by EU government is to ensure the quality of internet access service. This quality should be better as compare to traditional internet services. The high quality of open internet is required to provide internet access in whole EU so that everyone can enjoy good quality of this service. The Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications i.e. BEREC will also contribute to manage whole process of net neutrality. BEREC will provide some essential guidelines to NRAs for managing the rules of implementing open internet in EU. In this way, whole process of net neutrality will be implemented and its security and privacy will be maintained as whole. The above discussed steps of EU government will provide significant results and people will get amazing and fast internet service. Conclusion To sum up, it can be said that security and privacy of information is necessary for everyone while using quick internet service without any issue of hacking and phishing attack. In given media article, EU government has taken an initiative to provide open internet service to every individual of EU without any bias and people no need to worry about their online content. Therefore, at every place where internet services are provided at government level or at level of business organizations, secure network environment should be provided to them. Basically, it is matter of trust of customers on service providers that should be maintained. References SearchCIO. (2017). What is ICT (information and communications technology, or technologies)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (2017). Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/ICT-information-and-communications-technology-or-technologies Techterms.com. (2017). ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) Definition. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://techterms.com/definition/ict Sevenpillarsinstitute.org. (2017). Moral Theories. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/morality-101/moral-traditions Austin. (2017). Chapter 6 - Four Classic Theories of Ethics, The Ethical Journalist, . Slideshare.net. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/laustinnc/chapter-6-4-classic-theories-of-ethics?next_slideshow=1 Ruslim. (2017). Ethical theories. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/NicolasRuslim/ethical-theories-40471063 Opentextbc.ca. (2017). 2.9 Social Contract Theory | Ethics in Law Enforcement. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://opentextbc.ca/ethicsinlawenforcement/chapter/2-9-social-contract-theory/ Digital Single Market. (2017). Open Internet. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/open-internet-net-neutrality Christian Research Institute. (2017). Ethics Theories: Utilitarianism Vs. Deontological Ethics - Christian Research Institute. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://www.equip.org/article/ethics-theories-utilitarianism-vs-deontological-ethics/ Alexander, L., Moore, M. (2017). Deontological Ethics. Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/ Encyclopedia Britannica. (2017). utilitarianism | philosophy. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/utilitarianism-philosophy

What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay Essay Example

What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay Paper In the New England settlements Puritanism was a normally practiced faith. Puritanism began as a subset of Protestantism in England, and finally developed into a belief of a more utmost God and voluntary entry to that God. After Puritanism was established Europe experienced a period called the Age of Enlightenment, where Deism made its first visual aspect in the universe of outstanding European faith. Deism recognizes the being of God but, unlike Puritanism, does non believe that God is present in our lives. Deism and Puritanism were on opposite sides of the spiritual spectrum in the 18th century, yet Benjamin Franklin s autobiography can be seen as a connexion between practising Deism and keeping Puritan values. Franklin was raised as a Puritan and therefor maintained Puritan values from childhood but besides converted to Deism and acquired a Deist s mentality. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A critical portion of Puritan faith was acknowledging the presence of God in mundane life. For Puritans faith was non merely something that you believed in, but it was a manner of life. In acknowledging faith as a manner of life Puritans accepted the intercession of God even in the most fiddling state of affairss. For illustration, in Mary Rowlandson s narrative she describes a state of affairs where she had to traverse the river and is humiliated by the Indians express joying at her. Rowlandson says, but in my hurt the Lord gave me truth and goodness ( Rowlandson, 19 ) . Rowlandson believed that God really was present with her and allowed her to acquire through this state of affairs. John Dane s life has many illustrations of this belief in the presence of God. When depicting an history of defying the progresss of a cocotte Dane credits God in giving him the power to decline her ; Here I took no notice of the goodness of God in keeping me, but instead ascribed it to myself ( Dan e, 8 ) . At the clip of the incident Dane believed that he was able to defy the adult female on his ain agreement, but when he looks back on it he sees that God gave him the power to decline. Both Dane and Rowlandson recognize God s changeless presence in their life therefore supplying an first-class position of how Puritans believed that God was ever with them. Divine intercession was a construct that was really popular amongst Puritans and was further cogent evidence that God is present all the clip. Divine intercession was the direct engagement of God in state of affairss on Earth. Puritans believed in Godhead intercession and frequently taken events as Godhead intercession that would otherwise be seen as random or coincidental. Rowlandson and Dane both refer to occasions of Godhead intercession in their narrations and both believe that it greatly improved them as retainers of God. On two separate occasions Dane was stung by a WASP, and Dane considered both events to be godly intercession. In telling the first WASP biting Dane said, if God would hear me, this clip I would reform ( Dane, 9 ) . After non altering his ways Dane is once more annoyed by a WASP and from the 2nd sting he concludes, God had found me out ( Dane, 9 ) . Similar to Dane, Rowlandson besides interprets certain events as Godhead intercession. After Rowlandson was re united with her household she described her gaining control as Godhead intercession because it has allowed her to see a much more barbarous universe so she of all time had before and to appreciate all that she had. She says, It is good for me that I have been afflicted. The Lord hath shewed me the amour propre of these outward things ( Rowlandson, 20 ) . Both histories display how of import Godhead intercession was for the Puritans and how it deeply changed their lives. Puritan virtuousnesss are less utmost than their spiritual positions and really familiar to Americans today. Puritans stressed the importance of instruction, difficult work, and the rejection of material goods. In Puritanism reading the Bible is an indispensable portion of their faith. By being able to read the Bible and construe it each Puritan is able to take redemption. Without this accomplishment Puritans believed that people would non be able to make redemption. This led them to put accent on a good instruction. Hard work was another virtuousness that Puritans found of import. Puritans believed that they were the retainers of God and that God wanted them to work hard in order to be among the saved. Even though the Puritans believed in pre-destination, they were invariably looking for even the slightest hint as to whether or non they were among the saved. Not working hard could be interpreted as being lazy and one of the damned. The last Puritan virtuousness is the importance of rejecting material goods and doing make with what they already had. Rowlandson touches on this when she talks about amour propres saying that they are but a shadow, a blast, a bubble, and things of no continuation ; that we must trust on God himself ( Rowlandson, 20 ) . This rejection of material goods was an of import portion of Puritanism in that it allowed one to accept God and be happy with his presence without seeking more. Puritans acquired these virtuousnesss by reading the Bible and construing it. These three virtuousnesss allowed Puritans to go successful in the eyes of society. In Benjamin Franklin s autobiography he listed 13 virtuousnesss that he believed will take to moral flawlessness. There are a few of Franklin s ethical motives that are really brooding of a Puritan mentality: frugalness, industry, and humbleness. Franklin described frugalness as to do no disbursal but to make good to others or yourself ; i.e. , waste nil ( Franklin, 33 ) . Similar to the Puritans, Franklin valued frugalness and frowned upon blowing money on stuff goods. However, unlike the Puritans, Franklin believed practicing frugalness would better one s sense of being instead than reenforce one s devotedness to God. Franklin s following virtuousness, industry, is purely Puritan-he values his clip and believes that it is of import for others to make the same. This is one virtuousness that both Franklin and the Puritans portion. Franklin s last virtuousness that mirrors the Puritan mentality is humbleness. In Puritan faith being disdainful is frequently considered a negative feat ure because it may do one to believe that he no longer demands nor should be faithful to God. Franklin did non pattern humbleness for the same ground that Puritans did but it should be acknowledged that he valued and practiced the same virtuousness. Through these virtuousnesss Franklin is able to do a connexion between Puritan ideas and Deist ideas. Deists believe that God exists but is absent from mundane life while Puritans believe that God is present in mundane life. He believes in God s absence and does non include him in his virtuousnesss, yet he patterns virtues similar to those valued by Puritans. While the Franklin s virtuousnesss themselves reflect a Puritan mentality his grounds behind them are by and large Deist. In his autobiography, when depicting his effort at moral flawlessness, Franklin says, I was surprised to see myself so much Fuller of mistakes aˆÂ ¦but I had the satisfaction of seeing them diminish ( Franklin, 34 ) . The 2nd half of this quotation mark exemplifies how Franklin wanted to seek to obtain moral flawlessness for himself. The idea of deriving something merely for oneself was an illustration of Franklin s Deist mentality. This construct varies greatly from the Puritan construct of virtuousnesss. The Puritans nonsubjective when endeavoring for moral flawlessness was to delight God, while Franklin s aim was to delight himself. Franklin s nonsubjective reflects his Deist positions. Deists believed that God was non present in human interaction ; this belief would take Franklin to seek to accomplish moral flawlessness for himself instead than for God . Franklin s Deism resulted in him holding a immensely different life style from those of the Puritans in New England. Franklin embraced new scientific developments in his clip where many Puritans would most likely cull scientific theory because they would believe it to be false. Franklin besides believed in a much nicer God so the Puritans believed in. In his extremist booklet Franklin describes God as being, all-wise, all-good, all powerful ( Franklin, 26 ) . Deists engaged in a thought procedures really similar to philosophers. They besides believed that God wanted them to obtain this cognition in scientific discipline and the humanistic disciplines, Franklin provides grounds for this in his autobiography when he says, Conceiving God to be the fountain of wisdom, I thought it right and necessary to beg his aid for obtaining it ( Franklin, 34 ) . While both faiths valued cognition, the Deists believed in obtaining it for themselves and analyzing all subjects, and Puritans believe d in holding it to understand God and to hold the agencies to analyze the Bible in deepness. Franklin s manner of linking Deism and Puritanism reflects people s ability to alter their spiritual orientation but still keep influences from what they originally practiced. This comingling of thoughts and ethical motives allows certain values to go incorporate into a civilization as a whole. Franklin s virtuousnesss are an illustration of this occurrence, his thought procedures resembled one of a Deist but his ethical motives reflected his Puritan upbringing. Puritanism and Deism were wholly different faiths that had opposite thoughts sing the relationship that God has with world. Puritans believed in an angry strict God that was ever present with them while Deist believed in a God that did non hold a relationship with worlds. By looking at Puritan Hagiographas and Franklin s Deist Hagiographas, the differences between the two faiths are really evident. However, similarities in both virtuousnesss and ethical motives can besides be seen between the two groups. The articles show that from a purely spiritual point of view Puritanism and Deism were complete antonyms but were really similar in the ethical motives and virtuousnesss that they valued.

The dark tourism Essays

The dark tourism Essays The dark tourism Essay The dark tourism Essay Presentation of the Problem Tourism covers legion signifiers of travel and a wide scope of finishs. Dark Tourism describes a niche type of touristry which covers the trial of topographic points where calamities or historically notable deceases have occurred of establishments covering with the heritage of humanity ( Tarlow, 2005 ) . Particularly in the last decennaries, dark touristry has become apparently more popular and has received more attending ( Stone, 2009 ) . Foley and Lennon ( 1999 ) province that touristry associated with sites of decease is registering a rapid growing. Smith ( 1996 ) found in her research on war and touristry that the memorabilia of warfare and allied merchandises likely forms the largest individual class of tourer attractive forces in the universe, despite the calamities and dissuasive incidents which have happened at that place. One of the earliest illustrations of dark tourer sites in the beginning of the nineteenth century was a gaol in the United States of America, which receive d public involvement because of its architectural inventions and fresh patterns ( Stone, 2009 ) . Meanwhile, sing sites of decease and catastrophe has developed into a worldwide phenomenon. But the demand for dark touristry musca volitanss is various. Beside the affair of decease, involvement in civilization, history or merely the desire for amusement are possible grounds why 1000000s of people are sing topographic points of dark touristry ( Stone, 2006 ) . Despite an increasing sum of surveies on the subject ( Seaton, 1996 ; Lennon and Foley, 2000 ; Sharpley and Stone, 2009 ) there is still a deficiency of understanding what really motivates worlds to see sites of dark touristry and to prosecute themselves with the subjects of decease, catastrophe and race murder. Due to the fact that dark touristry is a turning signifier of touristry, it is necessary to understand why people are motivated to see topographic points where other people have suffered. Purposes of the Bachelor Thesis The intent of this survey is to place the motivations of visitants sing former battlegrounds where historically of import conflicts have been fought. This survey will give a better, theoretically informed apprehension of tourer motive and its function in the determination devising procedure. The undermentioned inquiries will be examined in respects to this subject: Which push factors play a function in visitors? motive to battlefields? Which pull factors play a function in visitors? motive? What function do peculiarly degree of instruction, involvement in history, media and personal connexion drama in visitors? motive? Which other visitant motivations influence the determination to see battlegrounds? Methodology Structure of the Thesis This Bachelor Thesis is divided into a theoretical and an empirical portion. The end of the theoretical portion is to supply and explicate the theories, footings and definitions used in this survey to organize a thorough literature reappraisal to reexamine literature for planing the research and construing the findings. Dark Tourism Definition of Dark Tourism Lennon and Foley described the term dark touristry as the phenomenon which encompasses the presentation and ingestion ( by visitants ) of existent and commodified decease and catastrophe sites ( 1996:198 ) . An illustration of really early signifiers of dark touristry would be the gladiatorial games of the Roman country or public executings in mediaeval age ( Stone, 2009 ) . Boorstin ( 1964, in Stone 2009 ) states that the first organized circuit in England in 1838 was a trip by train to witness the hanging of two liquidators. Dark touristry sites and attractive forces are non merely going more and more popular ( Sharpley, 2005 ) but besides vary tremendously in their presentation of decease. They reach from jesting houses of horror, over decease sites of celebrated people to topographic points of mass slaying like the Holocaust decease cantonments. Seaton ( 1996 ) cites a figure of attractive forces, including the battleground of Waterloo and the inhumed metropolis of Pompeii ; the latter is said to be the greatest and most celebrated thanatoptic travel finish of the Romantic period ( Seaton, 1996 ) . In contrast to Stone, Seaton prefers utilizing the definition thanatourism alternatively of dark touristry. He describes thanatourism as being the travel to a location entirely, or partly, motivated by the desire for existent or symbolic brushs with decease, peculiarly, but non entirely, violent decease, which may, to a varying grade be activated by the person-specific characteristics of those whose deceases are its focal objects ( 1996:240 ) . This would intend that people, going to dark sites, are active traveling at that place in order to see the aura of such topographic points. In add-on to this, he believes that thanatourism is defined by the consumer s motivations and that single traveller motive do play a function in this sort of touristry. Another definition synced with dark touristry is the term black musca volitans , which are commercial developments of grave sites and sites in which famous persons or big Numberss of peoples have met with sudden and violent deceases ( Rojek, 1993:136 ) . Rojek shows three different illustrations of Black Spots the day of remembrance of John Fitzgerald Kennedy s slaying in Dallas, Texas, the one-year candle flame vigil in memory of Elvis Presley and the one-year pilgrims journey to the portion of the Californian main road where James Dean died in a auto clang. Both the looks dark touristry and thanatourism will be used in this research, because they have the same significance, but are otherwise interpreted. Thanatourism is based on the motivational facet, while dark touristry is attraction severally location based. In contrast, black musca volitanss are a parts of the dark touristry spectrum and instead describe topographic points of sudden and violent decease. In this instance, graveyards would non be portion of black topographic point sites. Seatons reading will be used in the undermentioned survey. As I am look intoing motivations of people sing dark tourer sites, I adopt the definition of Seaton because it is more elaborate and better apprehensible than the definitions of Rojek, Lennon and Foley. Furthermore the definition fits better as motivational position. Classification of dark touristry Dark touristry is, in its assorted signifiers, multi-faceted, multi tiered and exists in a assortment of societal, cultural, geographical and political contexts ( Stone, 2009 ) . A full classification of all death-related attractive forces is really complex and hard. Furthermore, in contrast to Foley and Lennon, Seaton ( 2006 ) states that thanatourism works on coherency between two elements: foremost, if the traveller has merely one or more motivations to see a topographic point of decease, and secondly, the extend to which the involvement in decease is person-centered or scale-of-death centered. Mentioning to Figure 1, it can be concluded that people sing sites of decease, for illustration a battleground or a prison where a relation has died or has suffered, have a weak thanatourism component in their motive. The involvement in decease is person-centered because this is the intent of visit in the first case. In contrast, people who are sing the same sights but have no relations or friends which might hold suffered at that place, show a strong thanatourism component. They are interested in decease itself and are fascinated by those sights. Dark touristry supply and demand It is obvious that people have long been attracted to topographic points of decease and catastrophe. In footings of supply, there has been a rapid growing in the proviso of such attractive forces or experiences ; so, there appears to be an increasing figure of people acute to gain from topographic points of decease as tourer attractive forces, such as a husbandman in Pennsylvania who offered a circuit of the clang site of the United Airlines Flight 93 one of the 9/11 aircraft ( Bly, 2003 ) . Marcel ( 2004 ) recognised that there is a immense scope and diverseness of dark touristry supply when she examined whether decease makes a vacation , and denoted that dark touristry is a portion of the touristry phenomenon and called it soiled small secret . In order to look into the phenomenon of consumer demand of dark tourer sites, it is necessary to analyze the subject both from the supply and demand position. As Seaton ( 1996 ) believes, dark touristry is basically a behavioural phenomenon, defined by tourer motivations as opposed to peculiar features of a site or attractive force . To build any model, both demand and supply demands to be taken into consideration. For Foley and Lennon, dark touristry is a temporally, fundamentally western phenomenon based upon non-purposeful visits due to serendipity, the path of circuit companies or the simply funny who happen to be in the locality ( 2000:23 ) . Therewith, in the two research worker s sentiment, dark touristry demand is created accidentally and is now portion of circuit companies plans, with the aim to do money by acquiring tourers to a dark country which is located near to the paths. In this instance, the research workers strongly declare that dark touristry is supply-driven. Due to the inquiry whether people coincidently come across dark tourer sites, as Foley and Lennon ( 2000 ) believe, this subject has to be considered critically. It has to be mentioned that demand and supply are dynamic and ever altering. For illustration, London Dungeon has ever exposed horrifying and gory sculptures. These exhibits were the chief ground why people came to see this topographic point. If the direction would make up ones mind to take the electric chair, the demand would diminish quickly ( Sharpley, 2009 ) . It is still ill-defined whether thanatourism is still acquiring more and more popular because of the increasing sum and diverseness of attractive forces, or because of the turning involvement of people looking for the macabre and terrorization ( West, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Sharpley ( 2009 ) , there exists a continuum of intent of supply of dark touristry sites or experiences. He believes that there are tourer attractive forces which have become dark tourer sites by accident and topographic points which are straight intended to do net income. Figure 2 shows the four shades of touristry, making from pale to black touristry. Harmonizing to Sharpley ( 2009 ) , the four sunglassess of dark touristry are devided into four classs. Tourists with a low involvement in in decease and who are sing sites which are unintended to be tourist attractive forces are pale tourers . Its oposite would summarize people with a high captivation with decease and sing dark tourer sites on intent. This sort of dark touristry is referred as the darkest touristry possible . Concerning supply and demand, tourers with captivation with decease but sing unintendet dark touristry sites are demanding gray touristry. Grey touristry supply would define sites which are deliberately established to work decease, pulling visitant with merely a minor involvement in decease. Battlefield touristry Battlefield touristry refers to the trial to sites associated with warfare. These include locations like battlegrounds, commemorations or military Gravess every bit good as museums and other constructions that commemorate wars, conflicts and associated events or atrociousnesss ( Seaton, 1999 ) . Topographic points like these have attracted tourers from all over the universe for more than thousand old ages. Alexander the Great was one of the first known battleground tourers, when he visited the Tomb of Achilles and ancient Troy during his invasion of Asia ( Wilcken, 1967 ) . Battlefield touristry increased significantly during the last century, which could be ascribed to the turning figure of military struggles since the early 1900s and more by and large, the go oning growing of touristry ( Sharpley, 2009 ) . Particularly the clip after the First World War represented a turning point in the history of battlefield touristry. Visits to battlefield sites like Waterloo, Napoleon Bonaparte s last conflict near Brussels in 1815, started to go more and more popular ( Lloyd, 1998 ) . The on-going hunt by the touristry industry for new attractive forces has created a really relevant touristry phenomenon around battlefield touristry ( Ryan, 2007 ) . The paradox of a site of conflict or war is that visitants are able to travel about freely on a one time insecure topographic point where many people have lost their lives. Sing the macabre and abhorrent ambiance which is radiated by topographic point of war, it is singular that some tourers are accepting a long journey in order to acquire impressed by a site of war, express gladfulness or even see unhappiness. Battlefield Tours For a battlefield circuit visitant, a battleground circuit has the intent of understanding what happened and why ( Sharpley, 2006 ) . Therefore it can be concluded that tourers belonging to this signifier of trial are primary interested in history and the really inside informations of the conflict. Even images, closest surveies and primary beginnings can non depict the ambiance of a topographic point where battles have taken topographic point. For illustration, it is necessary to stand at the beach of Ford Island, Hawaii, to understand how the feeling must hold been when the Nipponese dramatic force, dwelling of 400 military planes, attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7 in 1941. With a small spot of imaginativeness, the visitant can see through the eyes of the soldier, although the site may hold changed over the old ages. To travel into more item and to calculate out why tourers visit battlegrounds, it is of import to separate between the types of trial. In order to categorize the study in Chapter , classs of trials have been pointed out and confronted in braces: Are the tourers sing battlegrounds as a portion of an organized circuit or are they single visitants? Do visitants hold a weak or a strong thanatoursim component in their motive? Did people come to battelfield sites voluntarily ( Leisure visitants ) or have they been invited as portion of a company outing or an advanced preparation class ( Business/Educational visitants ) ? Pilgrimage Battlefield pilgrims journeies can be defined as the traveling for recollection with the focal point on the religious and emotional experience of sing Gravess and commemorations ( Stone, 2009:194 ) . Beside veterans, immediate household members may besides see a battleground for recollection. For illustration, when decease was the ground why a twosome s matrimony ended, it can be really of import for the personal healing procedure of the widow to see the battleground where her hubby died or the grave where he is buried. In these instances once more, a weak thanatoursim component is perceptible beacause the dead are know and the involvement in decease is person-centred. But non merely immediate relations have a religious relationship to household members who died in war. Besides kids, whose gramps lost his life in a conflict, can demo their pride of holding a great warrior. Furthermore, going together in a group to a battleground can be major societal event, such as an day of remembrance. A pilgrims journey can besides promote conversations between coevalss which might non go on anyplace else. Types of Battlefield visitants Leisure visitants Harmonizing to a study commissioned by the Royal British Legion in 2006 ( based upon a sample of 1000 respondents across the United Kingdom ) leisure visitants are the bulk of modern tourers at battlegrounds ( Stone, 2009 ) . These visitants show a strong involvement in history, particularly military history. This popular involvement arose from a captivation with the soldier and the conflict, due to the fact that the proportion of the population who is functioning in the armed forces is decreasing ( Holmes, 2006 ) . Another ground for the increasing involvement in soldiers could be popular movies like Black Basterds by Quentin Tarantino, USA 2009. Depending if leisure visitants travel to battlefield sites on their ain or as portion of Tourss, they can either demo a high involvement ( or thanaourism component ) in decease and catastrophe or merely see them as side trips of the whole circuit being unconcerned with dark touristry. Educational Visits and Visits by the Military Visits to battlegrounds, if gettable, are undertaken by schools and other educational constitutions. An chance is given to immature people and pupils to understand the background and context of subjects learned at school or university. Educational visits to battlegrounds differ from general leisure visits in points of larning aims and the opportunity to supply support for certain parts of the national course of study ( Sharpley, 2006 ) . Furthermore, instructors with personal involvements in military history are able to portion their enthusiasm and can arouse some ideas about morality in their pupil s heads, which is besides an of import portion of instruction. Members of the Armed Forces, who view the battleground as portion of the hereafter, besides belong to the class of educational visitants. The British Armed Forces use battlegrounds for tactical preparation and survey ( Ryan, 2007 ) , leading lessons and be aftering how modern military personnels would run on the same land. Non-military administrations in the United Kingdom, like Corporate Battlefields and Business Battlefields are besides utilizing battlegrounds for leading or direction development plans. Peoples take parting in such events are thought to larn from the lessons in history and construct effectual taking squads to increase concern public presentation. Often, members of such jaunt are forced to take part and can non afford to worsen in order to maintain their occupations. Therefore it can be concluded that, educational visits, are non voluntarily by the bulk. Veterans Even if this is merely a little portion of battlefield tour visitants, some veterans still have the desire to see one time more the topographic point where they have fought, to re-experience the topographic point, possibly for the last clip in their lives. Some of them make themselves available for Tourss to narrate their narratives to other visitants, who get the opportunity to acquire a better and really reliable presentation of the site. Others merely desire to understand what happened or the significance of their ain function when they fought a war ( Stone, 2009 ) . It can be assumed that, for these sort of visitants and harmonizing to Seatons ( 1996 ) Thanatoursim continuum, there is no specific involvement in decease and desaster observable. Tourist Motivation Tourist motive can be defined as the planetary integration web of biological and cultural forces which gives value and way to go picks, behaviour and experience ( Pearce, Morrison A ; Rutledge, 1998 ) Motivation has ever been an of import factor of leisure and touristry survey and a basic subject in touristry research ( Crompton, 1979 ; Veal, 1997 ) . Harmonizing to Wahab ( 1975 ) , it is cardinal that, for touristry surveies and development, the country of travel motive is taken into consideration. This means that touristry providers can profit from understanding what travellers want in order to foretell future travel forms and accommodate the offer. Furthermore, certain tourer types can be selected as mark sections for travel and tourer selling ( Smith, 1996 ) Harmonizing to Pearce ( 2007:50 ) , motive could besides be the drive force behind all actions . Peoples do things because they have a figure of motivations which can differ tremendously from each other. Some visitants t ravel to Paris for seeing the Eiffel Tower because of its tallness and the beautiful position over the metropolis, others go to the same metropolis for shopping and the good nutrient. The finish is the same, but different motivations brought persons at that place and different or even same activities could be based on different motivations. Seaton ( 1997 ) believes that motive is generated by an internal feeling, besides called an person s demand , which drives people to accomplish certain ends. When all ends have been reached, the demand reduces and the single returns to the initial point until new motivations, which are coming up shortly after the satisfaction of the last 1s, have to be met. Tourists can be easy classified in footings of demographics, types of travel, economic well being and many other factors, but it is hard to place why tourers do what they do ( Woodside and Martin, 2008 ) . In contrast to the intent of travel which can be, for illustration, classified in concern or leisure , the private demands and wants are really hard to mensurate, as they vary between persons. There is a broad scope of human wants and demands and besides troubles in mensurating them which poses jobs in doing theories about travel motive. To understand how people form their determinations, the determination doing procedure will be briefly touched and besides a better account of human demands, mentioning to Maslow s Hierarchy of demands, has to be provided. Decision Making Procedure Decision devising can be summarised as the procedure of extinguishing or cut downing uncertainty about any options to do an expedient pick from among them ( Solomon, 2006 ) . About all determinations involve a certain sum of hazards because there can neer, or seldom, be complete cognition about all options. Furthermore at that place has to be a grade of uncertainity ; otherwise, if non, people would ever take the right manner and would neer make any errors in their lives. In order to find an ideal determination, a perfect determination environment has to be the footing including all the information of all options. Restrictions like clip and attempt interfere in doing ideal determination. For illustration, cipher would pass 2 hours driving about in the metropolis waiting for the closest parking batch to the supermarket to acquire vacant. The decision-making procedure is influenced by internal and external variables. Attitudes, beliefs, purposes and motive belong to the psychological portion. Variables like clip, monetary value and pull factors are finishing the external or nonpsychological portion. These factors are predetermined, for illustration the good conditions in the Caribbean or the clip for traveling at that place because of limited vacations. The determination doing procedure involves five phases: Maslow s Hierarchy of demands Maslow is said to be one of the laminitiss of humanistic psychological science, a school of psychological science concerned with the human context for the development of psychological theory ( Hoffman, 1999 ) . In Motivation and Personality, foremost published in 1954, Maslow describes his hierarchy of demands and its relation to motive in general. In his sentiment, all human demands can be organised in a pyramid, dwelling of five phases: physiological demands on the underside and self-actualisation on the top. In between, safety demands, belongingness or credence and esteem demands have to be satisfied before making the highest degree. An single usually tries to fulfill the physiological demands fist, before higher-leveled demands are emerging. Harmonizing to Maslow, all human existences follow this order, with little fluctuations. Sometimes higher degrees of demands can rule, although some basic demands have non been satisfied to the full ( Maslow, 1970 ) . Figure shows Maslow s 5 phases of demands in a pyramid. Adapted from Chaman, 2001-4 Based on this information, the theory has to be applied on tourer motive. Pearce ( 1993 ) , for illustration, has analysed 400 travel experiences of travellers in Europe, Canada, Australia and the USA. One positive and one negative experience had to be written down by the 200 respondents. In conformity to the pyramid of demands, the information was analysed and coded into five classs. For positive experiences, the undermentioned consequence for each demand satisfied could me indicated: To summarize these findings, Pearce ( 1993 ) states that travel motives show features of an approach-avoidance paradigm ( Woodside, 2008 ) . This means that, for travellers, positive experiences contribute to the higher-leveled phases, while negative experiences instead contribute to the medium leveled phases. Further, Pearce ( 1993 ) believes that vacation finishs attract people because tourers see a opportunity in carry throughing personal growing and love demands. Push and Pull Factors Harmonizing to Dann ( 1981 ) , tourers are motivated by a push or draw to a finish in order to fulfill demands. He defines push and pull factors in touristry as forces which drive people to travel off from a topographic point ( push ) and factors which draw them to new locations ( pull ) . For illustration, person leaves his/her metropolis of birth because of an increasing offense rate and low quality of life ( push ) and moves to another metropolis with a good substructure and where his/her household lives ( pull ) . Crompton ( 1979 ) states that the travel industry focuses more on pull factors and that there is a deficiency for push factors. Pull factors can be, in contrast to force factors, much better influenced because they are seldom internal. Therefore, travel bureaus and circuit operators pull tourers to certain sites with the aid of making demands. If person wants to get away from mundane life and finds a image of the Caribbean, the touristry provider pulls possible visitant s off from their current locations. Crompton ( 1979 ) besides mentioned socio-psychological motivations which can be the drive forces to do vacations but the effectual pick of finish was the drawing power of the finish itself. He believes that socio-psychological motivations can direct tourers towards a peculiar finish but, in the bottom line is that pull factors are predominating in the determination devising procedure. In contrast, Uzzell ( 1984 ) believes that tourers are instead motivated to see finishs which match their psychological demands than traveling to topographic points because of the particular qualities which are offered at that place. He does non believe that both push and pull factors are motivation fatctors. In his sentiment, pull factors are instead accounts for common touristic activities so relevant incentives. He adds that pull factors should even be eliminated from the survey of toursim motive. Crompton ( 1979 ) states that, in world, persons experience at the same time mixtures of both push and pull factors and those factors do non needfully stand entirely. As mentioned before, there can be several push factors actuating an person but besides more than one pull factor offered by a site. For illustration, person might be pushed to see Pearl Harbour because his/her gramps has died there during World War II. Apart from that, a travel bureau is offering a two-week holidays bundle in Hawaii particularly prepared for singles, drawing people to the island. Consequently, idividuals might see both push and pull facors. Push and Pull factors should non be treated as moving independently from each other, even though they might match to single phases in travel determination devising ( Crompton, 1979 ) . Persons travel because they are pulled by finishs and attractive forces and at the same clip pushed by their ain internal forces. Expectancy theory In contrast to the theory of Maslow s Hierarchy of demands, the anticipation theory, which was invented by Victor Vroom in 1964, focuses instead on results than on demands. In order to be motivated, Vroom linked attempt, public presentation and results to motive. There are three variables which are mentioned: Anticipation, Valence and Instrumentality. Increased public presentation is the consequence of increased attempt, which is the basic belief of anticipation ( Green, 1992 ) . An illustration of anticipation would be the belief that something will acquire better if person works harder for it. The 2nd variable, instrumentality, is the belief that person performs good, a valued result will be received ( Green, 1992 ) . In illustration, if person does a good occupation, it will be valued and he/she possibly gets a wage rise. Valence is defined as the importance that the single topographic points upon the expected result ( Green, 1992 ) . This would intend that if an employee is chief ly motivated by money, he/she would non value other offers like a new office or extra clip off. Having understood these variables, the basic thought behind the theory is that persons adapt their degree of attempt depending on the possible result. In Vroom s sentiment, if person believes that if he/she is working harder but the wagess and public presentations will non be increased and moreover offered wagess are non valued, the person will non be motivated. It is of import to advert that all three variables have to be fulfilled in order to accomplish motive. The theory can be applied to any state of affairs where person expects a certain result to go on. In relation to dark touristry and the trial of battlegrounds, tourers expect certain, in most instances intangible, outcomes. Sing the illustration of pilgrims journey and religious experience, people believe that the trial of Gravess or topographic points where relations or friends have died can ensue in better understanding the past events and an increased personal healing procedure. Motivational Strength It depends on motivational strength whether person prefers making one end opposed to another. Despite the diverseness of surveies and theories, most of them are sharing a basic thought: persons have a certain sum of energy which must be directed towards ends ( Pearce, 1993 ) . From a psychological position, making a end can be equalised with being motivated. If a demand arouses, which is turning by and by, the person wants to fulfill it every bit shortly as possible. For illustration, if person is hungry, he/she wants to halt this unpleasant feeling by eating nutrient. Equally shortly as the demand is satisfied, the balanced province returns which is called homeostasis ( Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, 2006 ) . Human behavior is driven by a basic mechanism to cut down unpleasant tensenesss, which is termed thrust theory. In footings of selling, the unpleasant province reffers to the demand of goods and services which are desired. Though, to be more precise, the grade of motive is non ever the same. For illustration, the motive to purchase a new one is really high because the old 1 has been used for many old ages. If the individual who desires a new Television would hold bought one a few months ago, the motive to travel once more to the shop and pass money would be much lower. The research on motive in order to understand what really drives behaviour focal points more on cognitive factors instead than on biological 1s. For this research, the thrust theory is non important and will non be applied. Though, another theory about motive is taken into consideration. The Expectancy theory suggests that people prefer one merchandise or service over another because they believe that this pick has more positive effects for them ( Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, 2006:93 ) . For this survey it is of import to happen out which positive effects could be of import to visitants to battlegrounds and to dark touristry sites in general. Incentives Motivation: History Harmonizing to Smith ( 1996 ) , sites of war attract fundamentally people with a strong involvement in history and military strategians. These persons are acute to analyze the events of the past while walking around the country. This would intend that a battlefield visitant does non needfully hold to be attracted by the presence of decease ; involvement in history can besides be the ground why people visit battlegrounds. The same consequences were found by Crompton ( 1979 ) and Anderton ( 1995 ) , who stated that cultural and historical involvement can be a strong incentive for pleasance travel. Further, Crompton ( 1979 ) drew the decision, from questioning 42 grownup people, that instruction and freshness are of import travel incentives. In contrast to this, Beech ( 2000 ) , who, amongst other subjects, investigated the visitors? motive to concentration cantonments, does non wholeheartedly believe that visitants with no connexion to the cantonment are motivated by lone involvement in larning or history. The same theory can be applied to battlefield touristry. There is, from a historical position, a demand in battlefield touristry, National Geographic released in 1992 a usher for conflict sites including their histories called the Guide to Civil War National Battlefield Parks in the USA, including exposure and maps demoing troop motions. Today there are immense sums of books covering with battleground Tourss and similar subjects on about all sites of war in the universe. Foley and Lennon ( 2000 ) see that the literature frequently obliterates and ignores the negative facets of history, sometimes mistakenly and, more frequently, on intent. The two research workers want to declare that it is evidently non plenty to show the historical and cultural landscape to the visitants, without turn toing the issue of morality and offense which are linked with the topographic points. Ignoring and stamp downing the position on history every bit good as altering nature of history are the consequence of the altering society, which can be linked to altering readings. To summarize the subject of historical motives, it can be said that involvement in history can be a incentive which drives worlds to see sites of decease and catastrophe. Not without ground there are plenty beginnings where tourers can fulfill at that place wonder about battlegrounds. Due to the fact that there is really small research on tourer motive to battlefield tourer sites, it can be concluded, based on the sentiments of other research workers ( Crompton, 1979 ; Anderton, 1995 ; Beech, 2000 ) , that the motivation to larn more about human history is verifiably a driver, but non the individual and lone ground why people are sing battlegrounds. Education In order to understand why wars and conflicts have occurred and what the effects were, dark touristry sites can be helpful in organizing sentiments. Some persons need to cognize why their friends or relations needed to decease. Educational travel was foremost introduced during the beginning of the industrialization in the seventeenth century, when sweetening of instruction and substructure, amongst others, increased ( Burkart and Medlik 1981 ) . In 1892, the first dark touristry exhibitions with an educational constituent were promoted in New York, USA. Volcanic eruptions of Mount Vesuvius, fictions of hurricanes and the destruction of Martinique were on the day-to-day docket of the events on Coney Island ( Rojek 1993 ) . In the present, dark tourers sites are acute on advancing themselves with the aid of implementing educational facets. Tourists besides see a opportunity in self-learning through educational travels. There are assorted institutes offering educational Tourss to American civil war sites every bit good as information Sessionss, for illustration the Smithsonian Associates, the Department of Education in Washington D.C, which offered a circuit following the flight path of President Abraham Lincoln s liquidator. One of the nucleus purposes of such events is to do people learn from past errors, what and how events in the yesteryear could hold been prevented. At Pearl Harbor, USA, people believe that instruction could assist in supplying a more unafraid tomorrow. Peoples who visited the topographic point are thought to hold understood why the onslaught happened and should hold realised that such a calamity must neer go on once more ( Ryan, 2007 ) . The trouble with the subject instruction in relation to dark tourer sites is the thin line between instruction and amusement. Walsh ( 1992 ) believes that the educational mission lies really close to amusement. As mentioned in Chapter , the London Dungeon offers horrifying Tours, where people can see how anguish has been used in the yesteryear in a really realistic mode. This may non be a really critical or serious attack to history, but it shows the world and decidedly remains in visitors? heads. Of class this is besides an attack to derive the attending of possible visitants, to do history, which might frequently look tiring particularly to childs and younger people more interesting and synergistic. Harmonizing to Lennon and Foley ( 2000 ) , the function of media is besides lending to the belittlement of serious events. Persons with less cognition of modern-day history could misconstrue imitations or films of people playing a function in really serious calamities and catastrophe. Remembrance Foley and Lennon ( 1993 ) define recollection as a critical human activity that connects people to their yesteryear and hereafter. Harmonizing to that they continue to declare that the mode how worlds remember define us in the present. The two research workers besides province that a big portion of dark tourer attractive forces are warehouses for memories . Sites related to decease attract people who want to mark either the event or their relations and friends who have died. In the Christian faith, there is one twenty-four hours a twelvemonth which is dedicated to all saints, called the All Saints? Day. In common pattern, many Christians visit the graveyards and the Gravess where loved people are buried. But non merely memories of asleep people stay in heads. Remembrance is besides needed to recognize what cardinal incidents formed the individualities of persons, sometimes even the individualities of whole civilizations. This is why some dark tourer sites are really rigorous in sho wing their memorials sing the repect of visitants. At Pearl Harbor, a short movie is shown to tourers before they are allowed to come in the memorial country. Furthermore, visitants have to be dressed in an appropriate manner. This attention shows an obvious difference between normal tourer attractive forces and dark touristry commemorations. For case, cipher attentions if person wears trunkss and a chapeau when sing the Great Wall of China, which is besides a war-related symbol. This difference in presentation might be due to the fact that some symbols of war or war sites are, because of the clip which has already passed since so, are out of day of the month . The Great Wall of China is more than 2000 old ages old, while the onslaught on Pearl Harbour happened 61 old ages ago. Furthermore, most of import, victims of the conflict of Pearl Harbor are still alive. Identity Identity can besides be a impulsive force to see dark tourer sites. Peoples, even if they do non hold a direct connexion to the dark touristry event itself, come to a topographic point of decease to derive a sense of individuality. As mentioned in Chapter , tourers are sing sites where famous persons have met with sudden decease, placing themselves as portion of the dead character ( Rojek, 1993 ) . Ashworth ( 2004 ) believes that the hunt for self-understanding and self-identity was the birth of the touristry industry. He argues that people who are sing sites of decease and catastrophe do non needfully hold thanatouristic motives. In the research worker s sentiment, personal motivations arise from personal or household history and the desire to pay regard to those whom the visitant feels a connexion. Ashworth ( 2004 ) references that people from Australia and New Zealand are saying that it would be a motive for them to see Gallipoli in order to detect who they are and what happened to their in sires in history. In this instance, mentioning to Seaton ( 1996 ) , the thanatouristic component is weak, because there is no grounds that visitants are looking for the macabre and terrorization. Curiosity Harmonizing to Ashworth ( 2004 ) , tourers can besides be attracted to sites of decease and atrociousness because of wonder. Some research workers besides indicate that people visit dark tourer sites in order to see ghastly exhibits ( Cooper, 2006 ; Yuill, 2003 ) . Yuill ( 2003 ) states that those visitants who come the the site because of couriosity seldom have/had any friends or household members who fought in wars or served in the battleground presented. In Uzzells ( 1989 ) sentiment, people show an insatiate demand in atrociousness. Persons sometimes have a unusual wont to be motivated and attracted by psychological stimulations of negative moral worth. This would intend that they have a strong involvement in calamities and catastrophes and would be classified in Seatons ( 1996 ) strong thanatouristic component graduated table. Rojek believes that wonder about dark touristry events and sites is widely spread. Location Several writers ( Hanink A ; Stutts, 2002 ; Yuill, 2003 ) reference that the location of a dark tourer site or a battleground is important for its figure of visitants. Battlefields which are in propinquity of other sights or shut to topographic points with a big population might pull a big figure of visitants. Strong involvement in decease and catastrophe might non chiefly be the motivations to see dark tourer sites which are close to someones hometown. A trip on the weekend with the household in order to go on 1s instruction can besides be grounds to lend to, in this instance, weak thanatourism. Methodology Introduction In Chapter , the research worker outlined a theoretical background for this survey. In order to finish the emipiracl research successfully, it is indispensable to supply an appropriate methodological analysis. It is necessary to choose an overall paradigm for every research. There are two paradigms which are frequently discussed in the literature: qualitative and quantitative ( Creswell, 2003 ) . The research worker defines qualitative research as research technique which uses multiple methods which are synergistic and humanistic. The research inquiries might alter and be refined during the interview with the participant. Furthermore, the reseracher makes an reading of the collected information ; he filters the informations through a personal lens ( Creswell, 2003:182 ) . Alternatively, the quantitative paradigm is based on proving a theoretical theorem. Quantifiable variables, usining statistical processs are analysed. This research method is used to find the generalisability of a theory. The research worker chiefly uses postpositivist claims for developing cognition ( Creswell, 2003:18 ) . In other words, findings are identified as positive if a research testifies consequences of footings which have been defined in progress. The research worker is able to cut down to specific variables and inquiries. The purpose of a quantitative research is to roll up informations on preset instruments that yield statistical informations. It depends on the research worker s nature and aims which paradigm will be selected. As touched in chapter , the research on market cleavage and consumer determination devising is largely based on quantitative and statistical analysis. As this research tries to find the importance of the function of battleground sites in tourers decion to see those sites, a wide scope of information and a batch of repsonses are needed. Therefore, the quantitative research method will be used. This chapter describes the choice of the survey site every bit good as the considerations for an effectual method of roll uping dependable informations, including a presentation of the the restrictions of the methodological analysis. The study design, which provides a numeral description of attitudes and sentiments of visitants of the HGM, will be presented. Choice of the survey site One of the first major determinations to be made is the pick of the survey site. This research is look intoing in motives of tourers sing battlefiled tourer sites. Therefore, it would be most appropriate to take a battleground as survey site. Due to the fact that all large conflicts in the present country of Austria have taken topographic point in and before the nineteenth century, there are no battlegrounds which are interesting for the public anymore. Though, there are museums covering with the subject of war and war history. The Heeresgeschichtliche Museum ( HGM ) in Vienna shows exhibits of the Austrian military history from the sixteenth century to 1945. It is located in the Arsenal, a historical composite of edifices from the monarchy, which was physique between 1850 and 1856 under the behest of Emperor Frant Joseph I by Ludwig Foerster and Theophil Hansen. The HGM claims to be the oldest and largest purpose-made military history museum in the universe. It exhibits chiefly arms, rigs, uniforms and exposure of the clip from the monarchy of the Habsburg household to the terminal of World War II. There are 11 lasting exhibitions offered to visitants: The Thirty Years War, Wars against the Turks, Prince Eugene of Savoy, Maria Theresa ( The eighteenth century ) , Room of the Gallic Wars, Radetzky Room, Room of Francis Joseph, Sarajewo Room, World War I, Republic and Dictatorship, Austria 1918 until 1945 and Naval Power Austria. One of the most noteworthy parts of the Museum?s aggregation is the couch wher e the Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfu A ; szlig ; died in 1934 after beeing shooting by a National Socialist and the car in which the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was asassinated in Sarajewo in 1914. The handiness and suitableness as dark tourer site, every bit good as the assortment of exhibitions offered were important in taking the HGM as survey site. In order to capture the largest possible figure of respondents, the research worker decided non to separate between the exhibitions. Due to the fact that all of the showroom?s subjects are related to battlefield instead dark touristry, the same questionnaire will be used for all of them. In add-on to profit of holding more visitants to spread out the sample size, taking the HGM as a survey site has the follwing advantages: due to many resting topographic points in the museum, tourers can take part in the study without beeing disturbed while detecting the exhibitions. Furthermore, the research worker expects that the site attracts tourers with legion motives, such as those with an involvement in war, involvement in larning about the Austria history and holding an penetration in life during the monarchy and the wars. The questionnaire It was decided that a questionnaire study will be used, which is one of the most common methods to garner information from respondents. Creswell ( 2003 ) defines a study as a bundle of standadised information from a specific subject normally by agencies of questionnaire or interview. He lists several advantages of a questionnaire, amongst others, the ability to roll up informations merely and the easiness of administrating, coding and analyzing a study. In ground of that, a self-administered questionnaire with the purpose of acquiring information about tourers motives to battlefield tourer sites was developed. Socio-demographic and travel-related inquiries are besides portion of the study. The concluding questionnaire consists of 20 ( 16 inquiries severally for Vienese occupants ) closed-ended inquiries which were asked in relation to possible motives to the HGM and battlefield touristry to set up if their motives reflect the literature. 3 demographic inquiries were asked in order to set up a profile of visitants to the site. 9 inquiries were designed on a dichotomous response graduated table, which means that the respondent has two options to take. The others have 5-point-Likert graduated table response options ; the respondent is presented with a uninterrupted graduated table runing from 1 ( minimal mark ) to 5 ( maximal mark ) . These inquiries are used to mensurate tourer s degree of cognition about the HGM, the importance of t he HGM in visitants determination to come to Vienna, the grounds for sing the HGM and the involvement in battlefield touristry in general. The concluding questionnaire is laid out in four pages and arranged in four subdivisions. Question 1a to 5a seeks to understand the tourists? travel forms to Vienna and is designed for non-residents of Vienna. Section B ( inquiries 1b to 7b ) purposes to profile the visitors? trip to the HGM including travel forms, motives and determination devising. The 3rd portion, inquiry 1c to 5c, seeks to place the involvement in battlegrounds in general. Finally, subdivision D, contains 3 inquiries bespeaking the respondent profile. Research design In order to reply the research inquiries, the push/pull theoretical account will be tested. The research worker will analyze the findings and use them to the push/pull theory. It will be identified which push and pull factors are relevant in visitors? motive to sites related to wars and conflicts. Furthermore, the research worker assumes that there are certain factors impacting visitant s motive. Premises about factors act uponing visitors? motive were developed and proved subsequently in chapter . : people are instead motivated to see the HGM if ( 1 ) they have no cognition about the museum, ( 2 ) the distance to the museum is near, ( 3 ) the person reached a certain age which enables him/her to understand fortunes of the past and reflect them on his/her young person and eventually ( 4 ) the person has a relation to Austria and its history. These premises were the footing for following hypotheses: H1: Most respondents have neer been to the HGM before. H2: The better portion of the respondents lives in Vienna or in its environing country. H4: The better portion of the respondents will be older than 50. H3: Most respondents have a relation the HGM ( close relatives/friends who experienced war )