The History of Race Discrimination - 603 Words

Racism has been a social issue for centuries in history, and the situation of it has been up and down a couple of times during the past few centuries. Speaking from my personal perspective, the issue of racism has been solved well than ever comparing with how bad this problem had been in other time periods in history. However, the improvement of elimination of racism is still not enough to solve this historical problem. Hierarchy exists in all kinds of creature’s social systems as one of the basic elements of composing the whole social structure. According to literary theorist Kenneth Burke, humans are symbol-using animal. We have the ability to build symbols such as language and use them to judge and evaluate the world. Sadly, we use this gifted ability to invent the world â€Å"race† and discriminate all the other people who do not belong to certain so-called advanced group. Yet animals other than human being have hierarchy as well, most of them mark their boundaries of class by gender or their obligation towards the whole family rather than color of their skins. It’s a shame on human race that we cannot even handle differently skin colors. We consider ourselves as high-intelligent, well-developed animal. Our history is full of examples where the rights of individuals and of groups were not respected. In fact, we have sacrificed hundreds of thousands lives fighting for the iss ues of race and discrimination till today, and it is still not solved completely. The history of raceShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And Its Effect On Society1080 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history and even today, racial discrimination continues to be persuasive in the world, especially in employment. Unfortunately, one’s race and background can affect their ability of getting a job. 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In all countries there isRead MoreA New History After The War888 Words   |  4 PagesA New History After the War World War II was considered to be a watershed event in history by many historians. A watershed event is commonly referred to as an â€Å"event or period marking a turning point in a course of action or state of affairs†. World War II was an event that changed history and the aftermath wrecked most ideals of the future before the war. After the war every party wanted to not repeat this war, so instead of peace, the world rearmed with new technologies and nationalistic racismRead MoreRacial Diversity705 Words   |  3 PagesJuancho A. Lim June 5, 2013 Throughout most of U.S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? According to The Changing Racial And Ethnic Composition Of The Us Population In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the classification by race expanded to include the measurement of â€Å"mulattos†Ã¢â‚¬â€persons of mixed black and white ancestry—and the â€Å"blood Read MoreSociological Theories Of Prejudice And Racism1645 Words   |  7 PagesSociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism Functionalist theory argues for race and ethnic relations to be functional and thus supply to the melodic conduct and strength of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society. The assimilation perspective assumes that to become fully fledged members of society, alternative groups must adopt as muchRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 Pagesof social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. It may also hold that members of different races should be treated differently. Among the questions about how to define racism are the question of whether to include forms of discrimination that are unintentional, such as making assumptions about preferences or abilities of othersRead MoreRace And Racial Relations : Racial Discrimination, Profiling, Criminalization, And Neighborhood Context Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesRace and racial relations have been a historic battle in our society. Although racial relations have greatly improved within the last century, or even the last sixty years, racial perceptions still persist. These perceptions can be seen in several forms across society varying in intensity, policy and practice on an institutional level as well as an individual level. While racial relations can be taken positively in the form of equality, or negatively as segregation and prejudice rise between racialRead MoreCivil Museum Of American History1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Smithsonian National Museum of American History, a national landmark in the U nited States of America that explores major themes in American history and culture, states, â€Å"Americans have been segregated since 1896-97 when Chief Justice Melville Fuller and the Court established the ‘separate but equal’ law,† (Smithsonian National Museum of American History). In the American society, segregation is a relevant issue. Today, discrimination amongst races is existent and is seen in the daily lives ofRead MoreRace And Race : The Social Construction Of Race858 Words   |  4 PagesThe race is an indefinite term, which has not been created from science or research, but more so the idea of what it is. Essentially, race is all about perception. One person may separate races based on a certain category of traits while another person uses totally different guidelines to define what races there are. Race has ultimately been created socially, therefor has no biological components until people connect the two terms. This paper examines the connection between society and race whileRead MoreEssay on Defining Racial Discrimination?775 Words   |  4 PagesFor discrimination to occur both power and prejudice need to come together, forming barriers that oppress a person or group of people deemed inferior. Discrimination can be intentional or unintentional. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism, as the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial discrimination refers to discriminatory actions based on race or skin color. Racial discrimination can

Financial Crisis Of The United States - 1999 Words

Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 originated in the United States spread to the financial systems of many other countries, including CIS countries, by means of the domino effect. Bankruptcy of one of the largest Americans Bank, Lehman Brothers Holdings PLC, in someway was a launcher of this global crisis the scope of that can be compared with the Great Depression of the 30s of the last century. No one could have even believed that a crisis in the local market of subprime mortgage loans in the USA would have such enormous affect on the financial systems over the world and crash banking sectors of many countries one by one. In the era of intensive globalisation financial crisis of USA followed by crises in other countries as well, starting from†¦show more content†¦Literature Review The crisis that stressed lots of economies and financial systems originated in US mortgage lending markets. First signals of possible problems came in early 2007, when the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation announced about its inability of purchasing high-risk mortgages, after what New Century Financial Corporation - a leading mortgage lender to riskier customers - filed for bankruptcy (John Marshall, 2009). In the research paper of 2009 he claims that source of the crisis emanated from the rise of house pricing, called housing bubble. â€Å"US house prices rose dramatically from 1998 until late 2005, more than doubling over this period, and far faster than average wages. Further support for the existence of a bubble came from the ratio of house prices to renting costs which rocketed upwards around 1999..â₠¬  (John Marshall, 2009, p 10). Housing bubble was also fully analyzed by Dean Baker in his research â€Å"The housing Bubble and the financial crisis† in 2008. Dean noticed that, by the middle of 2007, house prices had peaked and began to head downward. This was clearly stated in the following paragraph: â€Å"By the end of 2007, real house prices had fallen by more than 15 percent from peak.House prices in many of the most over-valued markets, primarily along the two coasts, had fallen by more than 20 percent. Furthermore, the rate of price decline wasShow MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis Of The United States951 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Crisis in the United States American debt held by households is rising ominously, plus our economic policies change. That debt balloon powered by radical income inequality will become the next bust. It drives by spending on domestic demand or more likely consumer spending not just by the wealthy, but by everyone else. 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Schools Like Any Other Organizations Education Essay Free Essays

Schools, like any other organisations, are aggregations of interconnected human and non- human resources working together to accomplish a common end within structured relationships. But they differ from any other industrial, commercial, governmental or military organisation as it require a alone manners of leading, ways of thought and an attack to disposal. This is because the mission of schools is non to increase net incomes but to raising and develop people to go to the full functional persons foster the acquisition, personal growing and development of all participants, the staff and the pupils. We will write a custom essay sample on Schools Like Any Other Organizations Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature reappraisal Organizational Behaviors and saying the relevancy in today ‘s context A school is a universe in which people live, grow and work. Like any other societal organisation, the universe of school has power, construction, logic and values. The behaviour of people at work in a school, separately every bit good as group is non simply a contemplation of their single alone personalities but is strongly molded and molded by the societal norms and outlooks of the civilization that prevail in the organisation. Therefore the person and societal influence creates alone organisational behaviour of people in the school organisation. A school is an extraordinary powerful environment which form and mold behaviour of the people through its civilization and clime. This web of interactions between people and the organisation and its deductions for leading is determining the behaviour of people at work in educational organisations. The ends of any educational organisation are academic accomplishment, effectual work wonts, civic values, societal behaviour, self esteem and self trust. In order to accomplish the ends of schooling, the outlooks that instructors have for the accomplishments of pupils, the relationships between pupils and instructors, the motive of pupils, clip spent on instruction and acquisition and the equal relationships affairs. Besides how schools are managed, how pupils are grouped, how parents and the community are involved, how work is assigned and the determinations made in school. The widespread credence as the preferable manner for exerting control and coordination in schools is the bureaucratic mechanism. The present twenty-four hours acceleration in the development of engineering, political relations, economic sciences and society has by and large left stiff bureaucratisms staggering and unresponsive. To boom in today ‘s quickly changing universe, schools must nimble, adaptative to alter and invariably germinating ( Peter Senge – a learning organisation ) . They are non merely adaptable to new challenges emerging in the universe but are besides adaptable to the worldwide rise in outlooks for increased democracy, personal freedom, single regard and self-respect and chances for self- fulfilment. Administrators who tactically or explicitly embrace the non bureaucratism affect a good trade of persuading. The instructors who are underlying behavior form of theory X or Y who are in the non bureaucratic environment Theory Ten Theory Yttrium Needed to be belonged, liked and respected. Want to experience utile to the school and tend to corporate volitionally and to follow with school, section and unit ends if the above demands are fulfilled. In add-on to the demands of theory X, desire to lend efficaciously and creatively to the achievement of worthwhile aims. Majority are capable of exerting far more inaugural, duty and creativeness than their present work fortunes allow. Administrators ‘ basic undertaking is to do each instructor believe that they are utile and of import portion of the squad. They should be willing to explicate determinations and discuss instructors ‘ expostulations. Besides to affect instructors in planning and determination devising. Teachers should be encouraged to exert self way and ego control Administrator works to bring out the originative resources of the instructors. Teachers participate in determination devising and develop. Information is shared and instructors involve in determination devising. This helps to increase the demand of belongingness and single acknowledgment. It will increase the morale and cut down opposition to formal authorization. Administrators and instructors make usage of the full scope of experience, penetration and originative ability to better the public presentation in school. Accomplishment of aims will increase the self-control and self way. Schools in the island were officially introduced during the colonial epoch. Education is largely delivered through a spiritual background, either through temples or the church. The priests followed the regulations defined through the faith to set single behaviour. Many described such schools as oppressive. But traditionally such schools emphasized powerful societal norms and outlooks that support and wages such behaviour. The norms of such schools discourage behaviour that inquiries the established the order and proposes alterations. With the educational reform in 1947, schools in the state were managed under one organic structure known as Education section of Sri Lanka and new theories and constructs of instruction being introduced to the school web. In order to understand the acquisition abilities and features of kids and grownups in the educational environment, behavioural psychological science applied theories of development. B.K Skinners ‘ methodological analysis of behaviourism had hence embraced by instructors and they used the programmed instructions, scripted instruction, diagnostic-prescriptive instruction and behavior alteration in learning. Educationists decide on ends ( marks ) , all right supports to bring forth those responses ( lesson programs ) , a plan that will bring forth the coveted behaviours ( category room activity ) and eventually mensurate the support methods ( tests, all schoolroom, term and public ) and alter them carefully ( twelvemonth terminal reappraisal and preparation Sessi onss ) . These methods are non developed to â€Å" develop the head † but to set up the very behaviours which are to be taken to be grounds of acquisition. The pupils learn in such an environment retained the cognition and accomplishments they learn in school and so applied in state of affairss in existent life. Therefore unlike in the colonial instruction system, there were 1000s of people adding into the work force every twenty-four hours. They retained a ample sum of the cognition for many old ages and mastered that cognition. For the last decennary or so Sri Lankan authorities instruction system, including the universities were based on behaviourism and as a consequence, there are 1000s of unemployed school departers and alumnuss who are unable to suit into the current competitory market. As a consequence Educationists considered the cognitive psychological behaviour ( Chomsky ) had adopted the method of learning which will authorise the critical thought and originative thought ( with 2009 course of study alterations ) . This is besides the construct of left- encephalon and right-brain orientation of thought. Cognitive psychological science has a batch of impact on the pattern of learning and larning in the schoolroom. The results are emphasized and the solutions are being motivated to be reached by the pupils in assortment of ways. The schoolrooms are now larning environments which promote survey accomplishments, societal accomplishments, job resolution and organisational accomplishments along with the capable affair command. The instructors create motivated schoolroom environments harmonizing to Weiner and the expression for self- regard, when pupils show internal/ability property, supplying challenges to larn and developing them to keep self – regard when fa ilures occur. When they show internal/effort property to hold high outlooks for success as they will remain motivated in malice of impermanent reverses. There are assortments of specific actions that the instructors are in the ways and agencies of ways to increase motive in schoolroom undertakings. The intrinsic motive to be practiced through explicating or demoing why larning a peculiar content or accomplishment is of import, create and maintain wonder, supply a assortment of activities and centripetal stimulations, provide games and simulations, set ends for acquisition, associate larning to student demands and assist pupil develop program of action and the extrinsic motive through supplying clear outlooks, giving disciplinary feedback and providing wagess. The outlooks of a instructor in such an environment demands the instructors to alter radically with the technological alterations the passage of inactive acquisition content to electronic integrative tools. The instructor ‘s function remained mostly as a facilitator at the same clip to be a co-learner in technological cognition and accomplishments. The current demand from a instructor is to hold are, hypertext transfer protocol: //thejournal.com/articles/2008/06/30/the-future-of-instruction-teacher-as-colearner.aspx # Learning and creativeness – instructors use capable affair expertness to ease and animate creativeness in pupils, including ingeniousness, job resolution and reflecting through the usage of digital tools collaborative tools and co-learning experiences. # Assessment – Use appraisals for ratings so that the pupils set their ain ends for acquisition, engage in individualized acquisition and are evaluated based on multiple, varied formative and summational appraisals aligned with content and engineering criterions. # Digital age skills – instructors exhibit eloquence in digital tools, engage on a regular basis in engineering – based coaction and usage information resources to back up research and acquisition. # Digital citizenship: Teachers promote â€Å" safe, legal, and ethical usage of digital information and engineering, † promote etiquette, and work to further a planetary position in pupils # Professional development: Educators adopt a theoretical account of womb-to-tomb acquisition and exhibit professional leading through engagement in larning communities, rating of research into the latest digital tools for instruction, parts to the â€Å" effectivity, verve, and self-renewal of the instruction profession, † and presentation of leading in instruction engineering. The ministry of Education with NSB and selected providers took enterprises to supply Personal computers for instructors at a sensible monetary value through Teacher PC Drive plan and to supply developing through reputed private institutes such as IDM Computer Studies and Gateway in 2006. The ‘Innovative Teachers National Competition 2008 ‘ conducted by the Ministry of Education ‘s Secondary Education Modernization Project ( SEMP ) II and Microsoft Sri Lanka assessed the advancement of this plan. In â€Å" The Skills for life † launched in 2009, provides specialised plans for instructors in Sri Lankan instruction system plays a critical function in this scenario. Programs such as ICDL, CTP straight on ICT making and LTCC, IPICT as an instruction tool for non ICT instructors. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.skillsforlife.lk/index.php? option=com_content A ; view=article A ; id=9 A ; Itemid=16 Photo caption: Kithsiri Abeysinghe – Nikawewa Dewanampiyatissa Central College, Chithrangani Karunasekera – Katuwana National School, Premawathie Henayalage- Project Manager, Department of Education North Central Province, Ranjith Tharukaratne – Sujatha Balika Maha Vidyalaya hypertext transfer protocol: //www.digit.lk/09_sept_slteachers The instruction leader inevitableness faces a calling in which new resilient responses are invariably required to run into the challenges that will ineluctably and unremittingly originate in the hereafter. These challenges are likely to happen in rhythms as they have for over a century. The jobs that seem overvelming to us now will in clip recede into the background as new an seemingly more demanding challenges emerge in the hereafter. In position of this dogged patterned advance, educational leaders non merely necessitate to develop responses to the urgencies of the minute but besides to develop a set of values, beliefs and principals to steer them in developing effectual schemes and actions in the unsure hereafter. Take together these values, beliefs and principals cast and determine the educational leaders vision of what the school ought to be like the way in which it should be traveling, and the terminal province for which it should be like, the way in which it should be travelin g and the terminal province which it should be endeavoring. A nucleus component in such vision How to cite Schools Like Any Other Organizations Education Essay, Essay examples

Organizations Face Today Is Of Staff-Free Samples for Students

Question: Organizations Face Today Is the Of Staff Recruitment Challenges? Answer: Introducation One of the major problems organizations face today is the recruitment of staff. Though reports in Australia might site that majority of the population are jobless, organizations have also reported that recruiting is a major problem within the region. One of the organizations that have experienced the problem is Woolworth Limited. The organization has reported several problems related to recruiting in its annual reports for the past few years. Some of the common problems reported include labor supply and demand, demographic issues among other labor concerns that would be discussed in this article. Woolworth Limited is a retail organization that has its operations spread across the entire nation of Australia (Jones, Humphreys, Adena, 2014). The supermarket is the second largest organization in the nation. In this discussion, therefore, the recruitment problems as faced by Woolworth Limited in Australia will be discussed with the possible solution to each problem outlined as well. One of the major problems in recruiting has been the supply of labor for the organization. Despite operating within most urban centers in Australia where there are high populations, the organization has limited supply of workforce because most people are engaged in some other activities. The remaining part of the population is unskilled with the other portion showing little interest in the job opportunities within the organization. Another factor leading to the labor supply shortage in Australia is the fact that most of the customers to the organization do not prefer working because fewer of them have studied courses related to most of the available jobs within the organization. There are other problems that contribute to inadequate labor supply in Australia. The possible recommended solutions to the labor problem for Woolworths Limited would include the following proposals; the organization should first consider training its staff. Training a staff might be expensive but is it one sure way of ensuring that the supply of labor is maintained. By training, it would be possible for the organization to recruit the local populations within its operations (Jackson Daly, 2014). The position of the organization would most likely improve with the local populations included in its services since the locals would prefer the organization to other organizations within the region. Increasing employee wages would be another way of solving the labor supply problem. Another recruiting problem for the organization is the high labor demand within Australia. The nation is rich in industries and organizations that all require labor within their services. The high demand for labor has been cited as a major problem to the organization as it suffers inadequate labor within its services for most of the parts it operates in. Most people within the populations are engaged in other activities in other organizations and businesses (Humphreys, Hegney, Lipscombe, Gregory Chater, 2012). With the increased population, the increased number of customers demand and improved service providers that have proved to be a major problem for the organization. Labor is an essential part of any organization. The recommended solution to the labor demand problem would include improving the employee benefits such as rewards, better wages among other interesting employee tokens that would attract them to the organization. With the high demand of employees, proper working conditions would be another concern that would most likely attract more laborers to the organization. The truth of the matter is that most people are not seeking for jobs but the wages from the jobs in order to improve their living conditions. The human resource department of the organization should consider improving such conditions in order to attract more workers to the organization. The image of the organization is another factor to consider for the problem in recruitment as has been experienced by the organization. Most people in Australia consider the organization as a sales organization (Struber, 2014). Compared to other organizations within the nation, Woolworths received the least job application letters. Most people assume that the organizations main objective is to supply the retail services across the nation without minding how it recruits its employees. As a result, most job seekers have over time neglected the organization as they prefer other organizations. Another factor related to the image of the organization is the fact that most people assume that the only jobs at the supermarket involve being a teller and customer assistance only. The most probable solution to the problem with the image of the company could only be the organization clearing itself through any possible means to the public by outlining the roles it plays within the labor market. Such announcements would act as awareness to the job seekers and also change the image of the organization to the public (Clinton Hazelton, 2016). The image of the organization is not only important in providing it with workforce but would also help in marketing as more customers would be attracted. It is normal for a population to reject an organization that does not recruit their people because it does not contribute to the economic development. Demographic issues also contribute to labor and recruitment problems for Woolworths Limited organization. An example of workforce and recruitment problem is aging workforce. It has been a culture of the organization to hire experienced workers and maintain them as long as possible. The factor contributes to problems for the organization as it provided the organization with the required experience hence more profits (Stanley, 2017). However, it becomes a problem for the organization when such employees retire, or in worst cases, they die. The problems experienced in recruiting new employees might not be easy. The organization will hence suffer from either recruiting inexperienced employees or failing to find a perfect replacement. The most suitable solution to the problem would be to train employees as mentioned earlier. Training is one sure way of ensuring that the organization maintains a constant flow of employees with the same quality of performance (Creegan, Duffield Forrester, 2013). In training, the organization is also secure in any unexpected cases like death. It becomes easy for another person to take over than in most cases that the organization would have to consider hiring new employees upon death or retirement of the existing employees. The generations within Australia today prefer private businesses and not employment into other institutions. Most people in the current generation are in dire need of capital to initiate their businesses. Creating a personal business according to most researchers within the nation has proved that people have turned their focus to private businesses than employment (Humphreys, Jones, Jones Mara, 2012). The changes in life over generations have been the cause of such a reaction from the Australian population. The trust based on the private businesses is that a person becomes his or her manager. The freedom of control that people enjoy in the private business is the exact opposite of what would be experienced in employment where the full control is bestowed in the organization. The most likely solution to the recruitment problem based on the influence of generation is that the organization should ensure that it motivates people to consider employment as a solution to certain problems e xperienced by the people (Beach, Brereton Cliff, 2013). In the case of Australia, the people should be convinced that in order to initiate their businesses they would need the experience from employment first. As technology changes the world, a lot of things keep changing. Diversity as it is influences people as well. The influence, in turn, affects businesses in that it limits the number of people available for employment in most areas (Humphreys, Jones, Jones, Hugo, Bamford Taylor, 2016). The current technological developments in Australia involve internetworking. People tend to refrain from the manual labor that is offered by most organizations as they major their activities to the cheap and affordable internet jobs. The benefits from the internet businesses are more than in employment and are easy to acquire. However, this problem would be solved cheaply by informing the populations about the adverse disadvantages of internetworking (Patrickson, Hartmann, 2015). The awareness about the side effects of the internetworking and other businesses would be a possibility to make the people think of employment again. As for this organization, it would be necessary to advise the employees to consider the internet as a side job that they would venture into during their free times. Recruitment strategies used by Woolworths is another recruitment problem that the organization has experienced over time. The employer branding of the organization is one of the recruitment strategies that has been a problem for the organization. Employer branding is the process by which the customers prefer to the organization (Mills, Francis Bonner, 2017). Employer branding would either be negative or positive depending on the manner in which the organization handles its customers. Woolworths has been experiencing the problem of employer branding because most people in the Australian society do not like the organization based on its recruitment and contribution to the society. The organization should consider improving its services to the people and the society. Sparing a percentage of the employment opportunities within the organization for the local population is one effective way through which the organization would win the trust of the population (Humphreys, Wakerman, Wells, K uipers, Jones Entwistle, 2015). Earning the trust of the people through the participation in the infrastructure and other forms of development is another way to which the organization could have a positive reflection from the populations in Australia. The types of advertisement on the job opportunities from the organization have been highly ineffective. The advertisements made through the television, radios and other forms like the magazines are highly ineffective in the world today. The uses of posters as in the case of the organization are the other unlikely ways through which the organization makes all its advertisements. These means of advertisements are highly ineffective in the world today. The forms of advertisements and most organizational processes in the current world are those that are highly digitized (Schoo, Stagnitti, Mercer, Dunbar, 2015). The use of the social media, for instance, is a common way of making advertisements effectively today. According to the researchers in marketing, if the organization decides to consider using the modern means of advertisements, there are higher chances that the organization would make more profits as well as maintain its practices within the region it operates. An improvement in the modern ways of advertisement is affordable as it requires limited funds to initiate. Woolworths as one of the greatest organizations in Australia should consider its position in the market. The organization faces a recruitment problem that might soon become a crisis. It is the responsibility of the managers of the organization to perform the necessary researchers on the recruitment problem and design the most appropriate solution to the recruitment problem (Wakerman, Humphreys, Wells, Kuipers, Entwistle, Jones, 2014). Solving the problems in recruitment for the organization would be another better way to convince most of the local customers to the organization since the organization would involve the local populations within the areas that the organization operates. In conclusion, recruitment is a common problem in most organizations across the world today. In Australia, most organizations experience the problem despite the high populations within the nation. One of the organizations that have experienced recruitment problems within its services is the Woolworth Limited organization (DNetto, Sohal, 2012). Some of the labor problems result from demography, advertisement techniques and labor supply and demand within Australia. Some of these problems have been discussed in this essay with the probable solutions also highlighted. The organization is therefore urged to consider the proposals made in this essay in addition to other effective proposals from researchers in order to solve the recruitment problem completely. Solving the problem would be beneficial to the organization not only in acquiring the needed labor but also to improve its position in the market as most customers would be attracted to the business. It is, however, the responsibilit y of the organization to consider making the necessary adjustments that would place it in the competitive market effectively. References Beach, R., Brereton, D., Cliff, D. (2013). 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