The History of Race Discrimination - 603 Words

Racism has been a social issue for centuries in history, and the situation of it has been up and down a couple of times during the past few centuries. Speaking from my personal perspective, the issue of racism has been solved well than ever comparing with how bad this problem had been in other time periods in history. However, the improvement of elimination of racism is still not enough to solve this historical problem. Hierarchy exists in all kinds of creature’s social systems as one of the basic elements of composing the whole social structure. According to literary theorist Kenneth Burke, humans are symbol-using animal. We have the ability to build symbols such as language and use them to judge and evaluate the world. Sadly, we use this gifted ability to invent the world â€Å"race† and discriminate all the other people who do not belong to certain so-called advanced group. Yet animals other than human being have hierarchy as well, most of them mark their boundaries of class by gender or their obligation towards the whole family rather than color of their skins. It’s a shame on human race that we cannot even handle differently skin colors. We consider ourselves as high-intelligent, well-developed animal. Our history is full of examples where the rights of individuals and of groups were not respected. In fact, we have sacrificed hundreds of thousands lives fighting for the iss ues of race and discrimination till today, and it is still not solved completely. The history of raceShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And Its Effect On Society1080 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history and even today, racial discrimination continues to be persuasive in the world, especially in employment. Unfortunately, one’s race and background can affect their ability of getting a job. 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In all countries there isRead MoreA New History After The War888 Words   |  4 PagesA New History After the War World War II was considered to be a watershed event in history by many historians. A watershed event is commonly referred to as an â€Å"event or period marking a turning point in a course of action or state of affairs†. World War II was an event that changed history and the aftermath wrecked most ideals of the future before the war. After the war every party wanted to not repeat this war, so instead of peace, the world rearmed with new technologies and nationalistic racismRead MoreRacial Diversity705 Words   |  3 PagesJuancho A. Lim June 5, 2013 Throughout most of U.S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? According to The Changing Racial And Ethnic Composition Of The Us Population In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the classification by race expanded to include the measurement of â€Å"mulattos†Ã¢â‚¬â€persons of mixed black and white ancestry—and the â€Å"blood Read MoreSociological Theories Of Prejudice And Racism1645 Words   |  7 PagesSociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism Functionalist theory argues for race and ethnic relations to be functional and thus supply to the melodic conduct and strength of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society. The assimilation perspective assumes that to become fully fledged members of society, alternative groups must adopt as muchRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 Pagesof social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. It may also hold that members of different races should be treated differently. Among the questions about how to define racism are the question of whether to include forms of discrimination that are unintentional, such as making assumptions about preferences or abilities of othersRead MoreRace And Racial Relations : Racial Discrimination, Profiling, Criminalization, And Neighborhood Context Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesRace and racial relations have been a historic battle in our society. Although racial relations have greatly improved within the last century, or even the last sixty years, racial perceptions still persist. These perceptions can be seen in several forms across society varying in intensity, policy and practice on an institutional level as well as an individual level. While racial relations can be taken positively in the form of equality, or negatively as segregation and prejudice rise between racialRead MoreCivil Museum Of American History1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Smithsonian National Museum of American History, a national landmark in the U nited States of America that explores major themes in American history and culture, states, â€Å"Americans have been segregated since 1896-97 when Chief Justice Melville Fuller and the Court established the ‘separate but equal’ law,† (Smithsonian National Museum of American History). In the American society, segregation is a relevant issue. Today, discrimination amongst races is existent and is seen in the daily lives ofRead MoreRace And Race : The Social Construction Of Race858 Words   |  4 PagesThe race is an indefinite term, which has not been created from science or research, but more so the idea of what it is. Essentially, race is all about perception. One person may separate races based on a certain category of traits while another person uses totally different guidelines to define what races there are. Race has ultimately been created socially, therefor has no biological components until people connect the two terms. This paper examines the connection between society and race whileRead MoreEssay on Defining Racial Discrimination?775 Words   |  4 PagesFor discrimination to occur both power and prejudice need to come together, forming barriers that oppress a person or group of people deemed inferior. Discrimination can be intentional or unintentional. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism, as the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial discrimination refers to discriminatory actions based on race or skin color. Racial discrimination can

Financial Crisis Of The United States - 1999 Words

Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 originated in the United States spread to the financial systems of many other countries, including CIS countries, by means of the domino effect. Bankruptcy of one of the largest Americans Bank, Lehman Brothers Holdings PLC, in someway was a launcher of this global crisis the scope of that can be compared with the Great Depression of the 30s of the last century. No one could have even believed that a crisis in the local market of subprime mortgage loans in the USA would have such enormous affect on the financial systems over the world and crash banking sectors of many countries one by one. In the era of intensive globalisation financial crisis of USA followed by crises in other countries as well, starting from†¦show more content†¦Literature Review The crisis that stressed lots of economies and financial systems originated in US mortgage lending markets. First signals of possible problems came in early 2007, when the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation announced about its inability of purchasing high-risk mortgages, after what New Century Financial Corporation - a leading mortgage lender to riskier customers - filed for bankruptcy (John Marshall, 2009). In the research paper of 2009 he claims that source of the crisis emanated from the rise of house pricing, called housing bubble. â€Å"US house prices rose dramatically from 1998 until late 2005, more than doubling over this period, and far faster than average wages. Further support for the existence of a bubble came from the ratio of house prices to renting costs which rocketed upwards around 1999..â₠¬  (John Marshall, 2009, p 10). Housing bubble was also fully analyzed by Dean Baker in his research â€Å"The housing Bubble and the financial crisis† in 2008. Dean noticed that, by the middle of 2007, house prices had peaked and began to head downward. This was clearly stated in the following paragraph: â€Å"By the end of 2007, real house prices had fallen by more than 15 percent from peak.House prices in many of the most over-valued markets, primarily along the two coasts, had fallen by more than 20 percent. Furthermore, the rate of price decline wasShow MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis Of The United States951 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Crisis in the United States American debt held by households is rising ominously, plus our economic policies change. That debt balloon powered by radical income inequality will become the next bust. It drives by spending on domestic demand or more likely consumer spending not just by the wealthy, but by everyone else. 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Schools Like Any Other Organizations Education Essay Free Essays

Schools, like any other organisations, are aggregations of interconnected human and non- human resources working together to accomplish a common end within structured relationships. But they differ from any other industrial, commercial, governmental or military organisation as it require a alone manners of leading, ways of thought and an attack to disposal. This is because the mission of schools is non to increase net incomes but to raising and develop people to go to the full functional persons foster the acquisition, personal growing and development of all participants, the staff and the pupils. We will write a custom essay sample on Schools Like Any Other Organizations Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature reappraisal Organizational Behaviors and saying the relevancy in today ‘s context A school is a universe in which people live, grow and work. Like any other societal organisation, the universe of school has power, construction, logic and values. The behaviour of people at work in a school, separately every bit good as group is non simply a contemplation of their single alone personalities but is strongly molded and molded by the societal norms and outlooks of the civilization that prevail in the organisation. Therefore the person and societal influence creates alone organisational behaviour of people in the school organisation. A school is an extraordinary powerful environment which form and mold behaviour of the people through its civilization and clime. This web of interactions between people and the organisation and its deductions for leading is determining the behaviour of people at work in educational organisations. The ends of any educational organisation are academic accomplishment, effectual work wonts, civic values, societal behaviour, self esteem and self trust. In order to accomplish the ends of schooling, the outlooks that instructors have for the accomplishments of pupils, the relationships between pupils and instructors, the motive of pupils, clip spent on instruction and acquisition and the equal relationships affairs. Besides how schools are managed, how pupils are grouped, how parents and the community are involved, how work is assigned and the determinations made in school. The widespread credence as the preferable manner for exerting control and coordination in schools is the bureaucratic mechanism. The present twenty-four hours acceleration in the development of engineering, political relations, economic sciences and society has by and large left stiff bureaucratisms staggering and unresponsive. To boom in today ‘s quickly changing universe, schools must nimble, adaptative to alter and invariably germinating ( Peter Senge – a learning organisation ) . They are non merely adaptable to new challenges emerging in the universe but are besides adaptable to the worldwide rise in outlooks for increased democracy, personal freedom, single regard and self-respect and chances for self- fulfilment. Administrators who tactically or explicitly embrace the non bureaucratism affect a good trade of persuading. The instructors who are underlying behavior form of theory X or Y who are in the non bureaucratic environment Theory Ten Theory Yttrium Needed to be belonged, liked and respected. Want to experience utile to the school and tend to corporate volitionally and to follow with school, section and unit ends if the above demands are fulfilled. In add-on to the demands of theory X, desire to lend efficaciously and creatively to the achievement of worthwhile aims. Majority are capable of exerting far more inaugural, duty and creativeness than their present work fortunes allow. Administrators ‘ basic undertaking is to do each instructor believe that they are utile and of import portion of the squad. They should be willing to explicate determinations and discuss instructors ‘ expostulations. Besides to affect instructors in planning and determination devising. Teachers should be encouraged to exert self way and ego control Administrator works to bring out the originative resources of the instructors. Teachers participate in determination devising and develop. Information is shared and instructors involve in determination devising. This helps to increase the demand of belongingness and single acknowledgment. It will increase the morale and cut down opposition to formal authorization. Administrators and instructors make usage of the full scope of experience, penetration and originative ability to better the public presentation in school. Accomplishment of aims will increase the self-control and self way. Schools in the island were officially introduced during the colonial epoch. Education is largely delivered through a spiritual background, either through temples or the church. The priests followed the regulations defined through the faith to set single behaviour. Many described such schools as oppressive. But traditionally such schools emphasized powerful societal norms and outlooks that support and wages such behaviour. The norms of such schools discourage behaviour that inquiries the established the order and proposes alterations. With the educational reform in 1947, schools in the state were managed under one organic structure known as Education section of Sri Lanka and new theories and constructs of instruction being introduced to the school web. In order to understand the acquisition abilities and features of kids and grownups in the educational environment, behavioural psychological science applied theories of development. B.K Skinners ‘ methodological analysis of behaviourism had hence embraced by instructors and they used the programmed instructions, scripted instruction, diagnostic-prescriptive instruction and behavior alteration in learning. Educationists decide on ends ( marks ) , all right supports to bring forth those responses ( lesson programs ) , a plan that will bring forth the coveted behaviours ( category room activity ) and eventually mensurate the support methods ( tests, all schoolroom, term and public ) and alter them carefully ( twelvemonth terminal reappraisal and preparation Sessi onss ) . These methods are non developed to â€Å" develop the head † but to set up the very behaviours which are to be taken to be grounds of acquisition. The pupils learn in such an environment retained the cognition and accomplishments they learn in school and so applied in state of affairss in existent life. Therefore unlike in the colonial instruction system, there were 1000s of people adding into the work force every twenty-four hours. They retained a ample sum of the cognition for many old ages and mastered that cognition. For the last decennary or so Sri Lankan authorities instruction system, including the universities were based on behaviourism and as a consequence, there are 1000s of unemployed school departers and alumnuss who are unable to suit into the current competitory market. As a consequence Educationists considered the cognitive psychological behaviour ( Chomsky ) had adopted the method of learning which will authorise the critical thought and originative thought ( with 2009 course of study alterations ) . This is besides the construct of left- encephalon and right-brain orientation of thought. Cognitive psychological science has a batch of impact on the pattern of learning and larning in the schoolroom. The results are emphasized and the solutions are being motivated to be reached by the pupils in assortment of ways. The schoolrooms are now larning environments which promote survey accomplishments, societal accomplishments, job resolution and organisational accomplishments along with the capable affair command. The instructors create motivated schoolroom environments harmonizing to Weiner and the expression for self- regard, when pupils show internal/ability property, supplying challenges to larn and developing them to keep self – regard when fa ilures occur. When they show internal/effort property to hold high outlooks for success as they will remain motivated in malice of impermanent reverses. There are assortments of specific actions that the instructors are in the ways and agencies of ways to increase motive in schoolroom undertakings. The intrinsic motive to be practiced through explicating or demoing why larning a peculiar content or accomplishment is of import, create and maintain wonder, supply a assortment of activities and centripetal stimulations, provide games and simulations, set ends for acquisition, associate larning to student demands and assist pupil develop program of action and the extrinsic motive through supplying clear outlooks, giving disciplinary feedback and providing wagess. The outlooks of a instructor in such an environment demands the instructors to alter radically with the technological alterations the passage of inactive acquisition content to electronic integrative tools. The instructor ‘s function remained mostly as a facilitator at the same clip to be a co-learner in technological cognition and accomplishments. The current demand from a instructor is to hold are, hypertext transfer protocol: //thejournal.com/articles/2008/06/30/the-future-of-instruction-teacher-as-colearner.aspx # Learning and creativeness – instructors use capable affair expertness to ease and animate creativeness in pupils, including ingeniousness, job resolution and reflecting through the usage of digital tools collaborative tools and co-learning experiences. # Assessment – Use appraisals for ratings so that the pupils set their ain ends for acquisition, engage in individualized acquisition and are evaluated based on multiple, varied formative and summational appraisals aligned with content and engineering criterions. # Digital age skills – instructors exhibit eloquence in digital tools, engage on a regular basis in engineering – based coaction and usage information resources to back up research and acquisition. # Digital citizenship: Teachers promote â€Å" safe, legal, and ethical usage of digital information and engineering, † promote etiquette, and work to further a planetary position in pupils # Professional development: Educators adopt a theoretical account of womb-to-tomb acquisition and exhibit professional leading through engagement in larning communities, rating of research into the latest digital tools for instruction, parts to the â€Å" effectivity, verve, and self-renewal of the instruction profession, † and presentation of leading in instruction engineering. The ministry of Education with NSB and selected providers took enterprises to supply Personal computers for instructors at a sensible monetary value through Teacher PC Drive plan and to supply developing through reputed private institutes such as IDM Computer Studies and Gateway in 2006. The ‘Innovative Teachers National Competition 2008 ‘ conducted by the Ministry of Education ‘s Secondary Education Modernization Project ( SEMP ) II and Microsoft Sri Lanka assessed the advancement of this plan. In â€Å" The Skills for life † launched in 2009, provides specialised plans for instructors in Sri Lankan instruction system plays a critical function in this scenario. Programs such as ICDL, CTP straight on ICT making and LTCC, IPICT as an instruction tool for non ICT instructors. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.skillsforlife.lk/index.php? option=com_content A ; view=article A ; id=9 A ; Itemid=16 Photo caption: Kithsiri Abeysinghe – Nikawewa Dewanampiyatissa Central College, Chithrangani Karunasekera – Katuwana National School, Premawathie Henayalage- Project Manager, Department of Education North Central Province, Ranjith Tharukaratne – Sujatha Balika Maha Vidyalaya hypertext transfer protocol: //www.digit.lk/09_sept_slteachers The instruction leader inevitableness faces a calling in which new resilient responses are invariably required to run into the challenges that will ineluctably and unremittingly originate in the hereafter. These challenges are likely to happen in rhythms as they have for over a century. The jobs that seem overvelming to us now will in clip recede into the background as new an seemingly more demanding challenges emerge in the hereafter. In position of this dogged patterned advance, educational leaders non merely necessitate to develop responses to the urgencies of the minute but besides to develop a set of values, beliefs and principals to steer them in developing effectual schemes and actions in the unsure hereafter. Take together these values, beliefs and principals cast and determine the educational leaders vision of what the school ought to be like the way in which it should be traveling, and the terminal province for which it should be like, the way in which it should be travelin g and the terminal province which it should be endeavoring. A nucleus component in such vision How to cite Schools Like Any Other Organizations Education Essay, Essay examples

Organizations Face Today Is Of Staff-Free Samples for Students

Question: Organizations Face Today Is the Of Staff Recruitment Challenges? Answer: Introducation One of the major problems organizations face today is the recruitment of staff. Though reports in Australia might site that majority of the population are jobless, organizations have also reported that recruiting is a major problem within the region. One of the organizations that have experienced the problem is Woolworth Limited. The organization has reported several problems related to recruiting in its annual reports for the past few years. Some of the common problems reported include labor supply and demand, demographic issues among other labor concerns that would be discussed in this article. Woolworth Limited is a retail organization that has its operations spread across the entire nation of Australia (Jones, Humphreys, Adena, 2014). The supermarket is the second largest organization in the nation. In this discussion, therefore, the recruitment problems as faced by Woolworth Limited in Australia will be discussed with the possible solution to each problem outlined as well. One of the major problems in recruiting has been the supply of labor for the organization. Despite operating within most urban centers in Australia where there are high populations, the organization has limited supply of workforce because most people are engaged in some other activities. The remaining part of the population is unskilled with the other portion showing little interest in the job opportunities within the organization. Another factor leading to the labor supply shortage in Australia is the fact that most of the customers to the organization do not prefer working because fewer of them have studied courses related to most of the available jobs within the organization. There are other problems that contribute to inadequate labor supply in Australia. The possible recommended solutions to the labor problem for Woolworths Limited would include the following proposals; the organization should first consider training its staff. Training a staff might be expensive but is it one sure way of ensuring that the supply of labor is maintained. By training, it would be possible for the organization to recruit the local populations within its operations (Jackson Daly, 2014). The position of the organization would most likely improve with the local populations included in its services since the locals would prefer the organization to other organizations within the region. Increasing employee wages would be another way of solving the labor supply problem. Another recruiting problem for the organization is the high labor demand within Australia. The nation is rich in industries and organizations that all require labor within their services. The high demand for labor has been cited as a major problem to the organization as it suffers inadequate labor within its services for most of the parts it operates in. Most people within the populations are engaged in other activities in other organizations and businesses (Humphreys, Hegney, Lipscombe, Gregory Chater, 2012). With the increased population, the increased number of customers demand and improved service providers that have proved to be a major problem for the organization. Labor is an essential part of any organization. The recommended solution to the labor demand problem would include improving the employee benefits such as rewards, better wages among other interesting employee tokens that would attract them to the organization. With the high demand of employees, proper working conditions would be another concern that would most likely attract more laborers to the organization. The truth of the matter is that most people are not seeking for jobs but the wages from the jobs in order to improve their living conditions. The human resource department of the organization should consider improving such conditions in order to attract more workers to the organization. The image of the organization is another factor to consider for the problem in recruitment as has been experienced by the organization. Most people in Australia consider the organization as a sales organization (Struber, 2014). Compared to other organizations within the nation, Woolworths received the least job application letters. Most people assume that the organizations main objective is to supply the retail services across the nation without minding how it recruits its employees. As a result, most job seekers have over time neglected the organization as they prefer other organizations. Another factor related to the image of the organization is the fact that most people assume that the only jobs at the supermarket involve being a teller and customer assistance only. The most probable solution to the problem with the image of the company could only be the organization clearing itself through any possible means to the public by outlining the roles it plays within the labor market. Such announcements would act as awareness to the job seekers and also change the image of the organization to the public (Clinton Hazelton, 2016). The image of the organization is not only important in providing it with workforce but would also help in marketing as more customers would be attracted. It is normal for a population to reject an organization that does not recruit their people because it does not contribute to the economic development. Demographic issues also contribute to labor and recruitment problems for Woolworths Limited organization. An example of workforce and recruitment problem is aging workforce. It has been a culture of the organization to hire experienced workers and maintain them as long as possible. The factor contributes to problems for the organization as it provided the organization with the required experience hence more profits (Stanley, 2017). However, it becomes a problem for the organization when such employees retire, or in worst cases, they die. The problems experienced in recruiting new employees might not be easy. The organization will hence suffer from either recruiting inexperienced employees or failing to find a perfect replacement. The most suitable solution to the problem would be to train employees as mentioned earlier. Training is one sure way of ensuring that the organization maintains a constant flow of employees with the same quality of performance (Creegan, Duffield Forrester, 2013). In training, the organization is also secure in any unexpected cases like death. It becomes easy for another person to take over than in most cases that the organization would have to consider hiring new employees upon death or retirement of the existing employees. The generations within Australia today prefer private businesses and not employment into other institutions. Most people in the current generation are in dire need of capital to initiate their businesses. Creating a personal business according to most researchers within the nation has proved that people have turned their focus to private businesses than employment (Humphreys, Jones, Jones Mara, 2012). The changes in life over generations have been the cause of such a reaction from the Australian population. The trust based on the private businesses is that a person becomes his or her manager. The freedom of control that people enjoy in the private business is the exact opposite of what would be experienced in employment where the full control is bestowed in the organization. The most likely solution to the recruitment problem based on the influence of generation is that the organization should ensure that it motivates people to consider employment as a solution to certain problems e xperienced by the people (Beach, Brereton Cliff, 2013). In the case of Australia, the people should be convinced that in order to initiate their businesses they would need the experience from employment first. As technology changes the world, a lot of things keep changing. Diversity as it is influences people as well. The influence, in turn, affects businesses in that it limits the number of people available for employment in most areas (Humphreys, Jones, Jones, Hugo, Bamford Taylor, 2016). The current technological developments in Australia involve internetworking. People tend to refrain from the manual labor that is offered by most organizations as they major their activities to the cheap and affordable internet jobs. The benefits from the internet businesses are more than in employment and are easy to acquire. However, this problem would be solved cheaply by informing the populations about the adverse disadvantages of internetworking (Patrickson, Hartmann, 2015). The awareness about the side effects of the internetworking and other businesses would be a possibility to make the people think of employment again. As for this organization, it would be necessary to advise the employees to consider the internet as a side job that they would venture into during their free times. Recruitment strategies used by Woolworths is another recruitment problem that the organization has experienced over time. The employer branding of the organization is one of the recruitment strategies that has been a problem for the organization. Employer branding is the process by which the customers prefer to the organization (Mills, Francis Bonner, 2017). Employer branding would either be negative or positive depending on the manner in which the organization handles its customers. Woolworths has been experiencing the problem of employer branding because most people in the Australian society do not like the organization based on its recruitment and contribution to the society. The organization should consider improving its services to the people and the society. Sparing a percentage of the employment opportunities within the organization for the local population is one effective way through which the organization would win the trust of the population (Humphreys, Wakerman, Wells, K uipers, Jones Entwistle, 2015). Earning the trust of the people through the participation in the infrastructure and other forms of development is another way to which the organization could have a positive reflection from the populations in Australia. The types of advertisement on the job opportunities from the organization have been highly ineffective. The advertisements made through the television, radios and other forms like the magazines are highly ineffective in the world today. The uses of posters as in the case of the organization are the other unlikely ways through which the organization makes all its advertisements. These means of advertisements are highly ineffective in the world today. The forms of advertisements and most organizational processes in the current world are those that are highly digitized (Schoo, Stagnitti, Mercer, Dunbar, 2015). The use of the social media, for instance, is a common way of making advertisements effectively today. According to the researchers in marketing, if the organization decides to consider using the modern means of advertisements, there are higher chances that the organization would make more profits as well as maintain its practices within the region it operates. An improvement in the modern ways of advertisement is affordable as it requires limited funds to initiate. Woolworths as one of the greatest organizations in Australia should consider its position in the market. The organization faces a recruitment problem that might soon become a crisis. It is the responsibility of the managers of the organization to perform the necessary researchers on the recruitment problem and design the most appropriate solution to the recruitment problem (Wakerman, Humphreys, Wells, Kuipers, Entwistle, Jones, 2014). Solving the problems in recruitment for the organization would be another better way to convince most of the local customers to the organization since the organization would involve the local populations within the areas that the organization operates. In conclusion, recruitment is a common problem in most organizations across the world today. In Australia, most organizations experience the problem despite the high populations within the nation. One of the organizations that have experienced recruitment problems within its services is the Woolworth Limited organization (DNetto, Sohal, 2012). Some of the labor problems result from demography, advertisement techniques and labor supply and demand within Australia. Some of these problems have been discussed in this essay with the probable solutions also highlighted. The organization is therefore urged to consider the proposals made in this essay in addition to other effective proposals from researchers in order to solve the recruitment problem completely. Solving the problem would be beneficial to the organization not only in acquiring the needed labor but also to improve its position in the market as most customers would be attracted to the business. It is, however, the responsibilit y of the organization to consider making the necessary adjustments that would place it in the competitive market effectively. References Beach, R., Brereton, D., Cliff, D. (2013). Workforce turnover in FIFO mining operations in Australia: An exploratory study.Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining, Brisbane. Clinton, M., Hazelton, M. (2016). Scoping practice issues in the Australian mental health nursing workforce.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing,9(3), 100-109. Creegan, R., Duffield, C., Forrester, K. (2013). Casualisation of the nursing workforce in Australia: driving forces and implications.Australian Health Review,26(1), 201-208. DNetto, B., Sohal, A. S. (2012). Human resource practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment.International Journal of Manpower,20(8), 530-547. Humphreys, J. S., Jones, M. P., Jones, J. A., Mara, P. R. (2012). Workforce retention in rural and remote Australia: determining the factors that influence length of practice.Medical Journal of Australia,176(10), 472-476. Humphreys, J. S., Wakerman, J., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Jones, J. A., Entwistle, P. (2015). " Beyond workforce": a systemic solution for health service provision in small rural and remote communities.Medical Journal of Australia,188(8), S77. Humphreys, J., Hegney, D., Lipscombe, J., Gregory, G., Chater, B. (2012). Whither rural health? Reviewing a decade of progress in rural health.Australian Journal of Rural Health,10(1), 2-14. Humphreys, J., Jones, J., Jones, M., Hugo, G., Bamford, E., Taylor, D. (2016). A critical review of rural medical workforce retention in Australia.Australian Health Review,24(4), 91-102. Jackson, D., Daly, J. (2014). Current challenges and issues facing nursing in Australia.Nursing Science Quarterly,17(4), 352-355. Jones, J. A., Humphreys, J. S., Adena, M. A. (2014). Rural GPs' ratings of initiatives designed to improve rural medical workforce recruitment and retention.Rural and remote health,4(3), 314. Mills, J., Francis, K., Bonner, A. (2017). The problem of workforce for the social world of Australian rural nurses: a collective action frame analysis.Journal of Nursing Management,15(7), 721-730. Patrickson, M., Hartmann, L. (2015). Australias ageing population: Implications for human resource management.International Journal of Manpower,16(5/6), 34-46. Schoo, A., Stagnitti, K., Mercer, C., Dunbar, J. (2015). A conceptual model for recruitment and retention: allied health workforce enhancement in Western Victoria, Australia.Rural and remote health,5(477), 1-18. Stanley, D. (2017). Multigenerational workforce issues and their implications for leadership in nursing.Journal of Nursing Management,18(7), 846-852. Struber, J. C. (2014). Recruiting and retaining allied health professionals in rural Australia: why is it so difficult?.Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice,2(2), 2. Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J. S., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P., Jones, J. (2014). Primary health care delivery models in rural and remote Australiaa systematic review.BMC Health Services Research,8(1), 276.

US Energy Security

Comprehensive Personal Connections to African American Literature Essa

Comprehensive Personal Connections to African American Literature Essa Comprehensive Personal Connections to African American Literature 08/03/2015 ENG/496 University of Phoenix Comprehensive Personal Connections to African American Literature During slavery many people feared their owners and the people that worked for them. Many slaves struggled to just keep hope, but I believe in that African American slaves created a way for themselves to keep hope. One way was by song. One of those The Negro spiritual songs was called "Swing Down, Chariot. This was a song that I grew great interest to know and focus on why slaves at the time wanted to go to heaven so badly. Besides the basic understanding of slavery it made me wonder why there spirit was as crushed when they had other slaves around. I would assume that would help. As a black man I contemplate how they managed to come up with a song of that nature. When reading on the topic I found that there were alternate meanings to the lyrics of the music. Swing low, sweet chariot, (wagons of the Underground Railroad). This meant that when they would escape it would include wagons on a trail. Coming for to carry me home, (free country). This meant that they will try and go north wh ich is where the free country was. Swing low, sweet chariot, coming for to carry me home. I looked over Jordan (Ohio River), which was an alternate name for the river at the time because the plantation on which this song was initially made for was in the south and they wanted to go north towards the Ohio River. Coming for to carry me home, a band of angels coming after me, coming for to carry me home. The piece focuses on the fact that people just wanted to get away from the pain and struggle they were going through. From seventeen hour working days, to bloody feet from little to no footwear. Children being separated from their families at birth and being sold to become slaves to other master. It was an unfortunate time and overall I believe that in the end the song was not just a way to know an escape route, but also a way to come together and vent without getting killed by the slave owners and the overseers. Although it was a powerful song for slaves to have made that encompassed multiple meanings outside of hope, there was great literature as well. A Decade of Reconstruction is one of my favorite pieces in the Literature of Reconstruction to the New Negro Renaissance chapter. With life as many African Americans knew if there life had changed for the better, but it was sad to read that many stayed and worked for the same people that owned them. After great study I found that in that time there were still people who believe that slaves should still remain that. Programs were not put in place for the Former African American slave to succeed. Under new institutions such as sharecropping and the convict-lease system, most African Americans, especially those living in the states of the former confederacy, continued to work on farms, often in service to the same people who had once owned them (The Norton Anthology of African American literature Volume 1, pg.509) The positives is that the thirteenth, fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments were subsequently created to help improve the conditions of the African American community in Americ a. The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) outlawed slavery the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) provided equal protection to African Americans under the law, and the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) granted suffrage to black men. (The Norton Anthology of African American literature Volume 1, pg.509) With the 13th amendment outlawing slavery I feel as if there should have been more thought into actually helping the slaves. Even though I believe that Abraham Lincoln did his best to do as much as he could with the little support he had, simply saying ok now you guys are free, figure it out is not enough. A Decade of Reconstruction was a great read throughout, but it was more literature that caught my mind. The Fourteenth Amendment was passed by Congress in June 1866 and ratified by the states in 1868. The Radical Republicans had been battling with Andrew Johnson for

Transamerica V. Lynes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transamerica V. Lynes - Case Study Example The defendant in the case uses the sales and service invoice as evidence. The invoice  signed  invoice stated  that â€Å"I certify that the above materials or services have been received†. These words clarify that the document is a delivery receipt or a billing statement and not an integrated contract. Before the agent’s signature, there is a statement which says that the materials and services have been received in a good state and according to the terms and conditions (United States court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 4). Therefore, the agent should have read and understood the terms and conditions before signing the document. The back side of the invoice contains facts renouncing express and implied warranties, determining prices, charges, and terms subject to change without notice. The information behind the invoice also, designates other charges that will be directed to the purchaser, and demanding payment within thirty days after delivery. The court only presented with the express warranty issue, and hence, it excluded the warranty disclaimer language written behind the invoice. The court had to undertake research and determine whether the advertisement by Spencer included express warranties giving assurances that the packers would work well in open well for long periods of time. The court later awarded the Transamerica company damages worth $196,577.62 based on their claim of a breached express warranty (United States court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 4). The case presented before the jury involves sale of goods under the sale definitions and terms of the UCC, which are written in Kan Stat Ann (84-2-102, 84-2-105 and 84-2-106 (United States court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 6). In this case, the four-year statute is applicable and hence the claim is appropriate. According to the Kansas law, any promises or affirmations in the advertisements by the seller that prompt the buyer to buy a commodity or service is considered as an express warranty.  

Jesus & Mohammed Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jesus & Mohammed Paper - Essay Example In a way, both have presented themselves as messengers of God who came to bring message of hope to the world. However, they differ in the way they presented their messages. Jesus came with full authority as the son of God, to win the world on his side as a representative of God. Mohammed came to deliver the news of God on earth and was not representing God. The differences in teachings have resulted to differences between Christianity and Muslims. Life History Jesus Christ and Prophet Mohammed Jesus was born six hundred years before Prophet Mohammed. He was born of a Virgin Mary and had no biological father. He had no family unlike Mohammed who had married several wives (Hafez.et.al, 2000). During the birth of Jesus, the shepherds were visited by an angel. The angel directed them to the place of birth in Bethlehem, where they took presents to him. It was an extraordinary event which brought people from different parts of the world to witness the birth of the spiritual king. His birth was of significance to the human race because he had come to bring salvation to mankind. On the other hand, the birth of Prophet Mohammed brought favor upon his nurse Halima. He was born during a period of famine but his nurse received abundant favor and her harvest was bumpers. Even her animals produced a lot of milk. The visitors who came to see prophet Mohamed received healing (Hafez.et.al, 2000). ... For example, Jesus is said to have healed many sick people, converted water into wine, fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread and two pieces of fish among other wonders. Jesus taught people how to humble themselves and worship God. He recruited his followers and trained them to spread the gospel to the entire world by preaching the salvation of God. Similarly, Prophet Mohammed introduced Islamic religion on earth. He established his followers and taught them the way of Allah. He taught people how to live righteous life according to the doctrines of Allah. Jesus taught his followers to practice kindness, mercy and love as a way of defeating their enemies. He taught his followers to uphold sanctity of life and respect for God through loving their enemies (Hafez.et.al, 2000). He emphasized on the need of forgiveness of sins and tolerance for one another. According to his teachings, Jesus told his followers never to take revenge against those who wrong them. Mohammed taught h is followers to safeguard their religion through whatever means they could. Jesus was son of God, while Mohammed was a representative of Allah. Jesus death was through crucifixion by the Jews who accused him of profaning the name of God by proclaiming to be the son of God (Hafez.et.al, 2000). Though he died and was buried, he resurrected and ascended to heaven and is said to be seated with his father at His throne. As for Mohammed, he died in the presence of Aisha his wife. Impact of Jesus and Mohammed Death on their Religion The death of Mohammed caused great bewilderment among his followers. This is because; there was no prior arrangement on who would take over the leadership after his death. Two factions the Shia and the Sunni

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hinduism - Essay Example Hindu system characterizes an evolution of a higher form through a number of convictions derived from other religions or philosophies that reflect similar school of thoughts. Thus, its progress from within the original culture to the mainstream almost any type of believer may access though without obligations of adherence comes from being sensible to a ‘faith’ that tends to converge to mutual discernment of a single god yet not abolishing the probability that deities established by other profound concepts with historical basis may exist as well. Why is Hinduism so useful and attractive in the quest for higher consciousness? Hinduism becomes all the more attractive and beneficial in achieving higher degree of consciousness due primarily to the religious practices taught to be carried out with deep solemnity and reverence besides customary treatment. To the awareness of majority including non-believers, the Hindu approach of seeking spiritual enlightenment such as the esse nce found in ‘karma’ and ‘samsara’ or the continuum manifested in the cycle of action, reaction, birth, death, and rebirth meditatively educates and refreshes an individual.

The Factors That Affect The Prescription Behavior

The Factors That Affect The Prescription Behavior The aim of the study is to investigate the factors that affect the prescription behavior of doctors. As generic medicines are taking the market share of big branded one, the latter is trying to review their strategies in order to get back their market share. Mauritians are price conscious nowadays, they will look for better prices for the purchase of their needs and wants and even doctors would prefer to prescribe cheaper medicines in order to attract more of their customers. But what innovator firms are trying to do, is to eliminate generic firms from the market by hook or by crook. So this study will be more focus on the possible alternative Marketing mix strategies that can be adopted by generic firms in Mauritius in order to survive in this fierce pharmaceutical market. The research objectives were to analyze the factors that influence prescription behavior of doctors and to identify if mobile marketing and digital platforms (social media) are means for staying in this competitio n. Conceptual frameworks will be used. Both exploratory and descriptive studies will be used. The population would be consisted of general practitioners and some pharmacists. The sampling method would be stratified sampling. Data analysis would be done using SPSS 20 statistical software. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, hypothesis testing will be done. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction of the study The pharmaceutical industry is an important sector in the worldwide economy. Indeed, it is considered as one of the most dynamic and fast growing industries. The pharmaceutical industry consists of numerous players, all of whom hold only a small market share of the industry. The 2009 global 500 lists 12 international pharmaceutical companies (table 1.1). The fortune global 500 report also shows that Milan is the highest profit achiever with 48.4 % profit change from 2009. Eli Lilly was ranked as the second highest with 17.1% followed by Johnson Johnson with 8.7% and Biogen Idec with 3.6% and so on. Consequently, big firms Pfizer and Merck had encountered a decreased in the percentage change from 2009. The Pharmaceutical industry is now facing a lot of serious challenges. Patents on major drugs continue to expire while companies struggle to produce innovative break through to offset the impact of generic substitutes. The regulative environment is becoming more intense as the food and drug administration (FDA) looks to impose more effective safety standards in approving new drugs. In addition, rising anger over the price of prescription drugs and calls for lower prices may lead to further reduction in revenue growth. These challenges facing the brand name pharmaceuticals are considered as promising opportunities to grow for another sector in the pharmaceutical industry, the generics. Patents expiration means the ability of generics to produce and sell more and more pharmaceutical products at lower prices. The increased focus on generic drugs as cost effective alternatives to the expensive brand name drugs along with the very high growth rates of generics have made the Federal Trade Commission in cooperation with the FDA to put new rules that ensure timely access of consumers to generic pharmaceutical products and to ensure that consumers are protected from potentially anti-competitive arrangements between brand name and generic drug makers. These rules are widely known as the Hatch Waxman act. Lately, in the pharmaceutical industry, there are many trends taking place. One of them is the generic drugs and the other being the globalization of generic medicine. Generic Medicines are taking the market share of branded medicines around the world, so big Pharmaceutical companies have turned to underhanded practices to get these cheaper drugs out of the market 1.2 Background of the study The Pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the worlds economy, as well as in ensuring the welfare of its citizens. It is apart from other industries since it offers the world population cure and alleviation from disease and contributes to the economies of many nations. In Mauritius, the pharmaceutical industry consists of a public sector as well as a private sector. The Public sector comprises of hospitals, dispensaries, area heath sectors and medi-clinics. The latter is free of charge and accessible to the public. Moreover the medication is free of charge for the patients. Doctors working in the public sector do not have the right to do private practices expect specialist doctors who are authorized to do so after working hours (4 p.m). The public sectors buys all drugs through tenders and the doctors working there cannot prescribe drugs other than that available in the hospital. Hospitals usually look forward to have business with generic pharmaceutical companies because of cheaper quotations. On the contrary, in the private sector, the patients have to pay to consult a doctor, whether it is a specialist of a general practitioner. These doctors are free to prescribe drugs of their choice that the patient can buy in any drug house. Most Pharmaceuti cal companies focus their marketing mix on these doctors for prescription drugs and on pharmacies of OTC products so as to conquer the maximum market share as well to be more profitable. POM and OTC drugs are the two major types of pharmaceutical products. POMs are licensed medicines regulated by legislation, and requiring a prescription for purchase. On the other hand, OTC drugs are medicines directly sold to patients without any prescription from doctors. The study will be focused mainly on prescription drugs where the market involves a complex buying and decision making process. So, private doctors will be my main focus since they are the ones to prescribe drugs and followed by Pharmacists who are also responsible for the success of some generic pharmaceutical firms. Moreover, this study will mainly focused on the marketing mixed strategies used by Generic pharmaceutical firms and how they influence the prescription behavior of doctors in Mauritius. 1.3 Statement of problem Since Generic pharmaceutical market is getting bigger day by day, they will be more competitors in the pharmaceutical market. This in turn resulted in very tough competition both against brand name manufacturers and within the generic industry itself. Of course, this highly competitive environment relies mainly on price differences and will definitely lead to price wars among all Generic Pharmaceutical Companies. The problem is that for generics to rely on cost leadership and hence lower selling prices as a sole competitive strategy will lead definitely to industry exit by many companies due to low profitability. Moreover, physicians and pharmacists prefer to dispense generic medicines and this has a great negative impact on the innovators companies where their sales, profits and market share were affected. Consequently the innovator companies will decrease their expenditure, budget, reduce headcounts and spend a lot of money in implementing new strategies and conduct various promotional activities in order to keep their market share and maintain their profits. So, Generic Companies must find other competitive marketing mixed strategies to differentiate themselves if they are to survive in this highly competitive environment. 1.4 Significance of the study 1.4.1 Objectives To study some of the various marketing activities related to the pharmaceutical market in Mauritius and in particular Branding strategies Pricing strategies Promotion strategies (sponsorship, gifts etc) Analyze the appropriate marketing mix strategies for generic companies working in Mauritius. To study the cost leadership as a generic strategy and its effectiveness for generic companies working in Mauritius. From the doctors responses, identify if the use of mobile marketing and other social Medias (Facebook, msn, yahoo, Skypeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) will be a competitive advantage. From the doctors responses, formulate other generic strategies that can be adopted by generic Pharmaceutical companies working in Mauritius. 1.4.2 Research Questions To serve the purpose of this study we shall address the following research questions: What are the possible marketing mix tools that can be used by the Generic Pharmaceuticals? Is the cost leadership as a competitive strategy sufficient alone for generics to survive in this highly competitive industry in Mauritius? What other Marketing mix strategies that can be adopted by generic pharmaceuticals working in Mauritian Market? 1.5 Hypothesis (Assumptions) The following hypotheses based on the objectives of the study have been formulated: Hypothesis I Ho: Prescription behavior is not affected by distribution Characteristics HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by characteristics Hypothesis II Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by promotion HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by promotion Hypothesis III Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by medical representative skills and relationship characteristics. HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by medical representative skills and relationship characteristics Hypothesis IV Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by product characteristics HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by product characteristics Hypothesis V Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by drug cost HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by drug cost. Hypothesis VI Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by sampling HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by sampling Hypothesis VII Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by frequency of visit of medical representative HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by frequency of visit of medical representative Hypothesis VIII Ho: It is not important to implement mobile marketing in the pharmaceutical marketing mix strategy HA: It is important to implement mobile marketing in the pharmaceutical marketing mix strategy. Hypothesis IX Ho: It is not important to implement social platform and other digital platforms in the marketing mix strategy. HA: It is important to implement social platform and other digital platforms in the marketing mix strategy. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter presents theories pertaining to the stated research questions. The theories will cover the most important elements of the marketing mix and their implication on the generic pharmaceutical industry. This chapter will also discuss the different competitive strategies and the possibility to adopt them to the generic pharmaceutical industry. 2.1 Introduction The pharmaceutical industry is a large and important industry worldwide, where its practices have direct impact on the welfare of patients in specific and the society in general (Manchanda Honka, 2005). The pharmaceutical market is characterized by the phenomena of derived demand, where the end consumer of the product is not necessarily the decision maker in the purchase process. The process is controlled by the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ physicians, where physicians act as gatekeepers or intermediaries who decide whether or not a purchase will be made and if so, which drug will be purchased through prescriptions (Zelnio, 1982). Thus, the pharmaceutical industry is characterized by multiplicity of market players including physicians, medical representatives, patients, insurance companies, government, health organizations etc. Moreover, the industry is highly regulated and monitored by various institutions including health organizations on a national and international level (Carter Chi tturi, 2009). There are two major types of pharmaceutical products, prescription only medicines (POM) and over-the-counter drugs (OTC). POMs are licensed medicine regulated by legislation, and requiring a prescription for purchase. On the contrary, OTC drugs are medicines directly sold to patients and not requiring a prescription from a healthcare professional, i.e. physician. This paper will solely study marketing techniques tailored for POMs. The researcher chose to study the POM market because it constitutes the main sector of the international pharmaceutical industry; and it is challenging for research because it involves a complex buying and decision making process where patients can only dispense POMs with a physiciansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ prescription (British Medical Association, 2006). The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by multiplicity of market players including physicians, medical representatives, patients, insurance companies, government, health organizations etc. Since physicians are a key determinant for the prescription of POMs (Huh Langteau, 2007); hence the literature review will discuss all the marketing mix strategies used by pharmaceutical firms to influence the Doctors prescription behavior. 2.2 The followings are some of the findings done by researchers on the traditional marketing mix strategies used by pharmaceutical firms: Irin P. et al (2009) emphasized the need for continuous marketing research .There is a real need of continuous pharmaceutical analysis, because it is essential for success to understand the uniqueness of the pharmaceutical industry benefiting of the complex and iterative process that carefully builds a pharmaceutical data warehouse, this being considered a necessity to the strategic direction of any pharmaceutical company facing increased competition and external pressure. The study done by Morgan M.A. et al (2006) shows that Acceptance of drug samples was judged to be ethical by almost all respondents and acceptance of a lucrative consultant ship by just over a half. Respondent s seem to believe that the average doctor is more likely to accept most items and is more likely to be influenced in his or her prescribing practices by accepting an item than they are. A useful study by Gonul et al. (2001) explored the impact of visits by sales representatives and samples, on prescribing. However, the study also showed that excessive detailing or samples did not increase sales further, and that doctors who saw a high proportion of Medicare or Health Maintenance Organization patients were less influenced by promotion. Garima Malik (2011) Said in their study of sales promotion of Dabur India Limited in Indian rural market that the success of business in India will be decided in the future by its success in the heart of India that is the rural market. Harris G., (2009) said that Overall, there is clearly a substantial, though variable, effect from one-to-one drug information delivery. This study adds to our knowledge of the subject and reminds us that there is no such thing as a free lunch; these visits really do result in increased sales. Dr Rajan T. D. believes that the regular visit by a medical representative as per him, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Name is not all what it takes to get into the mind space of a busy doctor. Every product, old or new, requires extensive marketing. Any busy consultant will vouch that if a particular companys medical representative (MR) fails to show up for over a month, he suspects the availability of the products of that manufacturer. Charlene Prounis (2003) has excellently expressed that the relationship between pharma field force and doctors is very important and crucial part Major changes are in the works for sales force and pharma company relations with doctors. If companies fail to address sales repsnegative image, physicians-and possibly governments-are likely to further restrict, or even terminate, the doctor- rep relationship. But companies can take steps to strengthen that bond. Doctors may be unhappy about pharmas huge field force, but they understand that reps have a job to do. Better pharma marketing will make doctors and reps happier. And both sides will benefit. As per Jayakumar, (2008) usual marketing practices followed by most of the large and mid-sized companies include valuable gifts, arranging foreign trips with family and complimentary tickets and memberships for social activities to doctors. Verma (2004) has highlighted one of the important points of give and take relationship as per study, Social scientists describe and the pharmaceutical industry follows the, norm of reciprocity i.e., the obligation to help those who have helped you, as one of the fundamental guiding principle of human interactions. It is not surprising, therefore, that pharmaceutical companies rely on this principle of human nature by giving gifts to doctors in hope that they will prescribe their firms product in return. 2.3 Digital Plateform Pharmaceutical companies need to employ a multichannel approach to fulfill their Physician marketing objective in 2012. Digital in this scenario is becoming the big trend with innovative and integrated solutions. The vast majority of physicians today are digitally active, accessing multiple devices and networks as part of their day-to-day activities. Physicians are increasingly interested in video and social media for personal and professional usage. According to Manhattan Research, 81% of Physicians are expected to own a smart phone by 2012, 79% of Physicians have watched Video clips online and 72% of the Physicians engage in social media, either for personal purposes, professional or both.(UBM Medica-HCPs and social media) (Source: Manhattan Research, 2012) 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This section describes the methodology that will be followed to address the hypotheses or research questions. It includes the research design, sampling method, data collection procedures, research instrumentation and related data analysis 3.1 Research Design Research design provides the basic direction for carrying out a research project so as to obtain answers to research questions. A descriptive research design will be adopted for this study as it involves a collection of quantitative information by conducting a survey. The descriptive research design will thus make predictions and analyse the behaviour of Mauritian consumers with respect to the survey. 3.2 Population and Sample 3.2.1 Target population A research population is a well-defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait. (http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-population.html) The target population for the study will include a representative sample of the Mauritian population. This sample will include Mauritian consumers within different age groups, different locality and different professional backgrounds. 3.2.2 Sampling Method A sample is simply a subset of the population. The concept of sample arises from the inability of the researchers to test all the individuals in a given population. The sample must be representative of the population from which it was drawn and it must have good size to warrant statistical analysis. (http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-population.html) Thus, it is of great importance of ensuring that the appropriate sampling techniques and to design the sampling method to minimize any error or response bias. The appropriate sampling technique that will be adopted for this study will be a quota sampling so as to be able to achieve surveys with consumers of different age groups, different regions and professional backgrounds. 3.2.3 Sample Size To determine the sample size we will need to calculate the necessary sample size for a different combination of levels of precision, confidence level (95%), and variability. The confidence level tells you how sure you can be. It is expressed as a percentage and represents how often the true percentage of the population who would pick an answer lies within the confidence interval. The level of precision also known as the sampling error is the range in which the true value of the population is estimated to be. The 95% confidence level means you can be 95% certain. This range is often expressed in percentage points, (e.g.,  ±5 percent). A proportion of 0.5 indicates the maximum variability in a population. Slovins formula is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e).Therefore the Solvins formula, as described below, will be used to calculate the sample size at 5% level of precision. n = N / (1 + Ne^2) Hence the sample size for this study will be 200. 3.3 The research Instrument The research instrument for this research study will consist of a structured questionnaire so as to prompt relevant information from the respondents, which will constitute primary and secondary sources of data. Through the means of structured questionnaires, responses can be gathered in a standardized way and furthermore it is quicker to collect information using a questionnaire; potentially useful information can be collected from a large portion of a group. Its cost-effective, easy to analyse, reduces bias and is less intrusive than other survey methods. People participating in surveys can complete them whenever they want. Theyre also more likely to respond honestly to questions if they know their answers are anonymous. An open-ended question will encourage the respondents to give a full, meaningful answer while using his knowledge and/or feelings. Whereas, a closed-ended question provides the respondents with a list of answer choices from which they must choice to answer the question. For this particular study, the questionnaire will include both open ended and closed ended questions. The close ended will comprise of dichotomous, multiple choice response, as well as likert scaled information and ratings. The questionnaire will consist of four main sections where: Section A will illustrate the about the factors affecting the Prescription behaviour. (Promotional sources, relationship, price, product characteristics and distribution channels) Section B will illustrate the traditional detailing, skill of detailing of medical representative and the promotional incentives offered by pharmaceutical firm Section C will be focused only if whether or not doctors use digital platforms for medical research. (I-pad, smart phone and social media) Section D will be mainly on Demographic characteristics of the respondents. 3.4 Data Collection Method The choice of data collection mode influences the extent to which the data are affected by each type of non-sampling error and is influenced by the data collection strategy, the type of variables involved, the accuracy required and the data collection points. (http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/418/1/MethodsReviewPaperNCRM-008.pdf) Therefore, a survey method will be adopted for the data collection as this particular research will involve a quantitative phase which will involve the use of a structured questionnaire. Coverage error (also known as sampling frame bias) occurs when not all members of a target population have an equal chance of being selected in the survey sample. This type of error tends to be lower for survey methods that are able to make use of more comprehensive lists for sampling purposes. Data will be collected by scheduling meetings with the different targeted persons identified for the quota based sampling where the questionnaires will be either distributed to the targeted respondents, to be ultimately collected a few days later or will be filled on the spot by the respondents with the help of the interviewer. 3.5 Validity and Reliability Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. It is vital for a test to be valid in order for the results to be accurately applied and interpreted, whereas Reliability has to do with the quality of measurement. In its everyday sense, reliability is the consistency or repeatability of your measures. Validity and Reality will be taken into serious consideration for this study 3.5.1 Pre Testing For a pilot test for many surveys is done for the purpose of testing the full implementation procedures. Pilot tests are usually conducted well in advance of when the survey will be fielded so as to identify and eliminate problems prior to the field phase. 10% of the sample size will be used for pilot testing prior to the data collection phase. The pilot testing will be used for pilot testing prior to the data collection phase. The pilot test will be used to check questions relevancy, by that respondent understands all questions and its rationale behind. 3.5.2 Reliability of data Reliability of data is used to check for internal consistency of data which is measured using coefficient alpha. A reliability coefficient of .70 or higher is considered acceptable for research study. Therefore, for the purpose of this study a Cronbachs alpha of 0.7 or higher will be considered acceptable, and that below 0.75 was regarded as multidimensional. The standardized Cronbachs alpha is as follows: 3.6 Data analysis and interpretation The data file will then be organized and analysed employing the SPSS software version 16.0. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used for analysis where descriptive statistics will include frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics will include regression analysis, correlation, chi square, T-test, ANOVA. Significant tests will be conducted at 5% level using p-value as indicator for both significance and hypothesis testing where; Indicator for significance: P-value less than 0.05 = statistical significance P-value greater than 0.05 = no significance Indicators to be used for hypothesis testing: P-value less or equal to 0.05 = reject Null hypothesis (H0) P-value greater than 0.05 = do not reject Null hypothesis (H0) 4.0 EXPECTED OUTPUTS The following results might be expected: Personal selling through medical representative visits and detailing as a powerful tool do influence doctors prescription behaviour. Factors like packaging, availability, stock and expiry date of products also influence doctors dispensing behaviour. Product characteristics (efficacy, side effect, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) do influence the prescription behaviour of doctors. The frequencies of visit of medical representatives do influence the doctors prescription behaviour. Sampling has a great impact on doctors prescription behaviour Tools like clinical trials and studies regarding a certain medicine do have a great impact on doctors; prescription behaviour. Doctors are interested in the publication of generic medicines in medical journals. Building close relations with doctors through public relations activities like table meetings, seminars and presentations are considered as an effective promotional activity. The use of ipad for detailing is an innovative tool to grab doctors attention and is much appreciated by doctors. Doctors prefer to dispense cheaper medicines to Mauritians. Nowadays, Most of the doctors are using smart phones and ipad for medical updates. Many doctors use social media for queries and update about medicines. 5.0 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS In order to protect confidentiality, the data collected will not be revealed to others expect in the form of processed data/information without detailing the identity of the individual responses. Relevant permission will be sought from the concerned authorities prior to administering the questionnaires. 6.0 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The limitation of the study is that not all the targeted doctors will respond due to time constraints. However, the data collected from respondents will be analysed and interpreted within the limited framework allowed. 7.0 CONCLUSION This study will try to identify the key factors of the marketing mix that really has a great impact on doctors prescription behaviour. It will also help generic companies to identify the main influencing factors which might make them be competitive. Personal questions concerning the type of mobile phone used and for which purpose, will try to find out if mobile marketing could be implemented as an important tool for the marketing mix strategies.

Teaching From A Design Perspective Essay -- Philosophy Education

Teaching From A Design Perspective Developing a philosophy of education is more than asserting a love of wisdom in the theory and practice of teaching. It may be heartening to feel, but it lacks backbone. For a philosophy to have weight and merit, it needs truth, logical strength, and soundness. (Hughes 19) My philosophy of education asserts the following premises that if we teach: learning as relational; creativity as skill; and knowledge as design; then, we create an instructional approach that is cross curriculum. The logical strength of my argument is delivered after each premise has been explained, and the proof statements of each are proposed as truth claims. In doing so, my philosophy of education is a sound argument challenging the existing education paradigm that makes a distinction between required and elective courses. Currently, the Ministry of Education’s requirements for graduation weakens elective courses as having less academic credit, strengthens required courses as having more educational disc ipline, and subsequently, unequally distributes creativity into the curriculum. However, as Perkins points out in his article â€Å"Creativity by Design†: If all knowledge were presented and discussed from the perspective of design, education would yield a much more creative view of knowledge. (23) In my philosophy of education, I argue that teaching creativity is the most significant skill a student can learn, and is a cross curriculum attribute that has equal weight in every type of discipline. Thus, my philosophy of education supports an interdisciplinary curriculum where predominately elective subjects, such as technology education and fine arts, stand on equal footing with required subjects typically regarded as... ...pose cross-curriculum equality begins by removing the academic and social prejudices that exist between required and elective courses. Works Consulted Conference Board of Canada. Solving the Skilled Trades Shortage. 28 March 2002. Fischer, Gerhard. â€Å"Social Creativity: Turning Barriers into Opportunities for Collaborative Design†. 8th Conference on Participatory design (Toronto). 2004.152-162. Hughes, William. Critical Thinking. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1996. Perkins, David. â€Å"Creativity by Design†. Educational Leadership. 14.1 (1984): 18-25. Petrina, Stephen. Advanced Teaching Methods for the Technology Classroom. Hershey: Information Science Publishing, 2007. Pollack, Sidney. Sketches of Frank Gehry. 2004. Reid, Anna, Peter Petocz. â€Å"Learning Domains and the Process of Creativity†. The Australian Educational Researcher. 31.2 (2004): 45-62.

Reflection Essay Writing Essay

English 98was a very informative and interesting class. It was taught by professor Rall, who is a wonderful person and excellent teacher. We covered lots of criteria material and discussed topics during the tenure of the class. We also learned many new ideas about the incidents going on in our country, which were great for us. Reading skills were also honed while reading various essays and stories. Essay writing was a major part of the class. We wrote essay on processed food and gun control, and gay matters. Each essay taught us about a different style or form of writing. I can honestly say my essay skills have improved tremendously over the course of this year thanks to the many skills learned in this class ; however, I do feel I need more practice in timed essay. We read our peers essays, correct the grammatical errors, gave suggestions to word placement, and sentence usage. Reviewing and correctional skills learned will be very helpful in the future as we continue to write essays during college. Seeing other people correct my essays helped me view my essays from different viewpoints. Sometimes letting someone else read your paper can help you come up with an idea to use in your paper that you might not have noticed before. I fell your class was very informative and i believe there is nothing to be changed. The way you discussed problems our world is going threw today made me get more engaged in the subjects. I feel my high school English classes were wasted because my teachers did not care, I was kicked out my junior year and I was sent to adult school. All we did was work out of the book, I was accepted back to my school my senior year. When i got sent back to high school i had a teacher who had our class engaged in the subject, I passed the class with an A+. You remind me of him and I enjoyed your class.

The Controversial Role of Lobbyists

The Controversial Role of Lobbyists The role of lobbyists is controversial in American politics. Lobbyists are hired and paid by special-interest groups, companies, nonprofits, groups of citizens, and even school districts to exert influence over elected officials at all levels of government. They work at the federal level by meeting with members of Congress to introduce legislation and encourage them to vote in ways that benefit their clients. Lobbyists work at the local and state levels as well. Debate Over Their Influence What makes lobbyists so unpopular with the public? Their work comes down to money. Most Americans dont have the funds to spend on trying to influence their members of Congress, so they view special interests and their lobbyists as having an unfair advantage in creating policy that benefits them rather than the common good.   Lobbyists, however, say they simply want to make sure your elected officials hear and understand both sides of an issue before making a decision, as one lobbying firm puts it. There are about 9,500 lobbyists registered at the federal level, which means about 18 lobbyists for  every member of the House of Representatives  and  U.S. Senate.  Together they spend more than $3 billion trying to influence members of Congress every year, according to the Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C. Who Can Be a Lobbyist? At the federal level, the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 defines who is and who isn’t a lobbyist. States have their own regulations on lobbyists regarding who is allowed to seek to influence the legislative process in their legislatures. At the federal level, a lobbyist is defined by the law as someone who earns at least $3,000 over three months from lobbying activities, has more than one contact they are seeking to influence, and spends more than 20 percent of their time lobbying for a single client over a three-month period. A lobbyist meets all three of those criteria. Critics say the federal regulations arent strict enough and point out that many well-known former lawmakers perform the functions of lobbyists but dont actually follow the regulations. How Can You Spot a Lobbyist? At the federal level, lobbyists and lobbying firms are required to register with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate and the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives within 45 days of making official contact with the president of the United States, vice president, a member of Congress, or certain federal officials. The list of registered lobbyists is a matter of public record. Lobbyists are required to disclose their activities of trying to persuade officials or influence policy decisions at the federal level. They are required to disclose the issues and legislation they attempted to influence, among other details of their activities. Biggest Lobbying Groups Trade associations and special interests often hire their own lobbyists. Some of the most influential lobbying groups in American politics are those that represent the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the National Association of Realtors, the AARP, and the National Rifle Association. Loopholes in Lobbying Law The Lobbying Disclosure Act has been criticized for containing what some feel is a loophole that allows some lobbyists to avoid having to register with the federal government. For example, a lobbyist who does not work on behalf of a single client for more than 20 percent of their time does not need to register or file disclosures. They would not be considered a lobbyist under the law. The American Bar Association has proposed eliminating the so-called 20 percent rule. Portrayal in the Media Lobbyists have long been painted in a negative light because of their influence over policymakers. In 1869, a newspaper described a Capitol lobbyist this way: â€Å"Winding in and out through the long, devious basement passage, crawling through the corridors, trailing its slimy length from gallery to committee room, at last it lies stretched at full length on the floor of Congress- this dazzling reptile, this huge, scaly serpent of the lobby. The late U.S. Sen. Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia described what he saw as the problem with lobbyists and the practice itself: Special interest groups often wield an influence that is greatly out of proportion to their representation in the general population. This type of lobbying, in other words, is not exactly an equal opportunity activity. One-person, one-vote does not apply when the great body of citizens is under-represented in the halls of Congress compared to the well-financed, highly organized special interest groups, notwithstanding the often plausible objectives of such groups. Lobbying Controversies During the 2012 presidential race, Republican hopeful and former House Speaker Newt Gingrich was accused of lobbying but not registering his activities with the government. Gingrich said he did not fall under the legal definition of a lobbyist, even though he did seek to use his considerable influence to sway policymakers.Former lobbyist Jack Abramoff pleaded guilty in 2006 to charges of mail fraud, tax evasion, and conspiracy in a broad scandal that implicated nearly two dozen people, including former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay. President Barack Obama came under fire for taking what appeared to be contradictory approaches to lobbyists. When Obama took office after winning the 2008 election, he imposed an informal ban on hiring recent lobbyists in his administration. Obama said later: A lot of folks see the amounts of money that are being spent and the special interests that dominate and the lobbyists that always have access, and they say to themselves, maybe I don’t count. Still, lobbyists were frequent visitors to the Obama White House. And many former lobbyists were given jobs in the Obama administration, including Attorney General Eric Holder and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. Do Lobbyists Do Any Good? Former President John F. Kennedy described the work of lobbyists in a positive light, saying they are expert technicians capable of examining complex and difficult subjects in clear, understandable fashion. Added Kennedy: â€Å"Because our congressional representation is based upon geographical boundaries, the lobbyists who speak for the various economic, commercial and other functional interests of the country serve a useful purpose and have assumed an important role in the legislative process. Kennedys ringing endorsement is just one voice in the ongoing debate about the perhaps undue influence wrought by monied interests. Its a contentious debate, contentious as democracy itself, since lobbyists play such a central role in the forging of policy and expression of varied groups interests.

Examine with reference to language how Attia Hosain Essays

Examine with reference to language how Attia Hosain Essays Examine with reference to language how Attia Hosain Paper Examine with reference to language how Attia Hosain Paper Even though it was custom, she wishes she hadnt gone through all the trouble as the people at the party didnt care much for custom or seemed to have forgotten it. The olive is yet another symbol of her disapproval. Her spitting out the olive symbolises her complete rejection and instant disapproval of western society. Though we wonder why she hides and does this. If she disapproves so much, why does she even remain and endure the discomfort when she could be satisfied in the comfort of her own home. Animal imagery is used to convey her thoughts about the people and also about the situation she was in. She refers to them as strange creatures, even though they were her own people, she observed them like as if they were from another planet. She compares the womans claws dipped in blood to her own, which were unpainted and cut very short. In rural India, food was said to be enjoyed better if had with the fingers, as then none of the taste would be wasted on the spoons and forks. She has kept her nails short so as to not let them get dirty, as she has to eat with them. Her modesty was like a controlling device, which put a leash on her thoughts. Even though the dancing was suggesting indecency, she could not bring herself to think indecent thoughts, as women from her culture were not to think, act or speak indecently. The bride, just like a child, keeps relating the things and persons at the party back to her motherland. We realise that she must have been very enclosed and we learn this from her old fashioned way of thinking. The tone of the story changes as her feelings evolve. We see how her nervousness edged towards panic and with uncertainty a shy glance and then coldly self conscious. The pinpoints to discomfort soon changes to discomfort multiplied. At first she was in cold defence but now she is completely silent. We also see how the word discomfort is repeated several times to emphasize how uncomfortable she is in a place away from her home. From shock and distress, she turns to disgust she grows more and more in anger and bitterness. Even when it comes to the music system, at first the machine fascinates her but then her mind soon changes as she starts to hate the shrieking and moaning and discordant noises it hurled at her. Indian music is said to soothe the soul but when she hears the western music, she declares it as harsh clamour which produced discordant noises. In the end her feelings turn to anger, hatred, jealousy and bewilderment. Her violence turns to actions. She gripped her chair, struggled and through clenched teeth, tells her husband to leave her alone. All through she is trying to stand for Indian cultures and generation-old foundations yet here she seems to have given up at the end of it all. She cannot take it anymore. In Hindu custom, in the jaimala and even the agni pradakshina, the bride and groom garland each other in formal mutual acceptance and they walk around a sacrificial fire called pheras in which they vow never to leave each other and take on the world. She vows to accept him however he is, yet here he and his ways disgust her and she now sees him as a destroyer. If the Taj Mahal of India did not want a change of scene and experience then she should have stayed at home instead of going along for the party and embittering herself while ruining her husbands evening as well. Her preconceived expectations of her people are shattered as she sees them already adapted to a culture she disapproves of. Home away from home was what she expected to find instead all she finds is insecurity and loneliness and a longing that she had not wished that she would be on such a threshold of marriage. An inferiority complex is what she suffers from as she grudgingly admires the woman with a wine glass in one hand and a cigarette in the other/wondered how it felt to hold a cigarette with such self-confidence. She feels out of place when she cannot even relate to the talk of women of dress and appearance, which sounds so unfamiliar to her world where instead of relating clothes to time and place, the Indian woman would relate it to occasion. They are in a world of their own and she is all alone in hers in private emotions, discomfort and disapproval. We see the conflict in the brides mind, as she wants people to be around her yet she doesnt want them to talk to her in fear that she wouldnt be able to relate to them. Silence somehow was a refuge for her. She cannot bring her self to come with terms with the fact that these people had severed their Indian roots to abide to the western. With their bilingual talk and talk of showing their limbs and skin, which she found shameful. In the Indian culture it was only appropriate for the woman to show her face and hair, which was the essence of her personality, and the rest of her body was to be covered. She pulled her own sari closer when the sari of another woman had slipped off. She uses various strategies to protect herself. Conversation is crippled, at first cold defence with short replies and then silence. Her sari too acts as means of protecting her body from the snares of others and from the world as she pulled her sari closer. She asks for an orange juice as a protection against the persistent questions of Will u have a drink? Pretence is her only escape; she does not even drink the orange juice that is given to her she only puts it to her lips. In India, it is improper for women to drink and she is confused with the peoples reversal of values. East is east, west is west, and never the twain shall meet. I personally believe that this is not true in many cases. Here the bride could have made more of an effort but she had been narrowed by one field of vision and traditions. Her rigid attitude and maddening air of righteousness prevents her from seeing the good in people, because under all the behavior, they may be nice human beings. The hostess was very charming and did her best to make them feel comfortable. I sympathize with the bride, as she does not even know how to react to such ways and people who are supposed to be Indians. Shes a fish out of water with her dressing and customs. She is not only in awe but she is more offended. The bride is too sure of herself. Indian womanhood was shaped on how the Indian physkee should react. She cannot expect to live with old values in this world. One is expected to change attitudes according to time and place. Normally when we are around different people, we try to adapt to their ways in order to fit in. What is admirable about this woman is that she does not give up her beliefs, even for the sake of her husband in order to feel more comfortable and fit in. Her customs do not saturate even though she is in contact with a different culture who actually came from where she came. She wants to be a good wife and share in her husbands happiness but her will power not to indulge in ways she does not accept shows that she will not perspire when her beliefs are questioned. Though she is very rigid in her attitude, and unchanging in her ideas, I empathize with her as I myself would find it very difficult to adapt to new ways so soon. Maybe if there were some sort of induction day then she would have reacted better. I take pity on her repressive Indian condition. She thought that marriage would be an escape from the fixtures her family held her in but what a disappointment it turned for her. She thought that it would be an adventure, which she would go along happily for. Little did she know that it would be her mothers traditions and strictures that would be holding her back in this new place as well. She would have felt less left out if her approach were less judgmental and more to live and let live. Attia Hosain has indeed made a statement about the Indian woman. The Indian woman is strong, just, faithful, beautiful, a good wife, a good mother, and a role model for women of all cultures.